亨廷顿病的最佳管理需要施行跨学科方案。患者通常得益于联合使用药物和非药物治疗。
抑郁症
抑郁症是该病高危人群和确诊该病的人最严重但可治疗的问题。治疗抑郁症很重要,可降低自杀风险。
有关亨廷顿病的专门循证指南非常有限,在考虑药物治疗时意识到这一点很重要。因此此处的建议主要基于临床共识和专家意见。[54]Phillips W, Shannon KM, Barker RA. The current clinical management of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Aug 15;23(11):1491-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18581443?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Bonelli RM, Hofmann P. A systematic review of the treatment studies in Huntington's disease since 1990. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;8(2):141-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17257085?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Adam OR, Jankovic J. Symptomatic treatment of Huntington disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Apr;5(2):181-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394562?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Novak MJ, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington's disease. BMJ. 2010 Jun 30;340:c3109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591965?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Priller J, Ecker D, Landwehrmeyer B, et al. A Europe-wide assessment of current medication choices in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Sep 15;23(12):1788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649399?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Mestre T, Ferreira J, Coelho MM, et al. Therapeutic interventions for symptomatic treatment in Huntington's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006456.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006456.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588393?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Mestre TA, Ferreira JJ. An evidence-based approach in the treatment of Huntington's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 May;18(4):316-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177624?tool=bestpractice.com 如果存在不良事件或对药物无疗效,建议试用其他药物或考虑转诊至精神病医生。
一线疗法是抗抑郁药物和咨询。抗抑郁药对抑郁症状疗效良好。[61]Bonelli RM. Mirtazapine in suicidal Huntington's disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Mar;37(3):452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639181?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Ford MF. Treatment of depression in Huntington's disease with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Nov;149:654-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2949793?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Folstein S, Abbott MH, Chase GA, et al. The association of affective disorder with Huntington's disease in a case series and in families. Psychol Med. 1983 Aug;13(3):537-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6226055?tool=bestpractice.com 与一般人群的抑郁症治疗相似。然而,鉴于自杀的风险增加,在开具处方时需要警惕故意过量使用药物的可能性。
目前尚没有关于亨廷顿病抗抑郁的比较性研究,所以药物选择基于与可能的获益和损害、药物过量服用自杀可能以及相关行为症状有关的临床判断。最常使用 5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(例如氟西汀、舍曲林、依他普仑)。如果一种药物治疗失败,则应尝试其他药物。在紧急或严重情况下,可能需要考虑起效较快的药物,例如米氮平。[61]Bonelli RM. Mirtazapine in suicidal Huntington's disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Mar;37(3):452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639181?tool=bestpractice.com 对于难治性抑郁症患者,电休克治疗可有显著获益,并且不会加重亨廷顿病其他方面的问题。[64]Ranen NG, Peyser CE, Folstein SE. ECT as a treatment for depression in Huntington's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994 Spring;6(2):154-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8044037?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Lewis CF, DeQuardo JR, Tandon R. ECT in genetically confirmed Huntington's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996 Spring;8(2):209-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9081559?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Beale MD, Kellner CH, Gurecki P, et al. ECT for the treatment of Huntington's disease: a case study. Convuls Ther. 1997 Jun;13(2):108-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9253530?tool=bestpractice.com[67]van Duijn E, Roos RA, Smarius LJ, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in patients with Huntington's disease and depression [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Sep 24;149(39):2141-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16223071?tool=bestpractice.com
亨廷顿病患者咨询包括对于冲动的识别,以及关于驾驶、枪支使用和避免积攒过多处方药物的安全建议。几乎所有的患者都从关于疾病的行为和遗传问题以及对于看护者需求的咨询中获益。讨论疾病的变化是有帮助的。如果家中存在特别不舒服的感受,这些信息可能会使人产生慰藉。
焦虑
焦虑是一种常见症状,多种治疗都可能对其有效,包括选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI)、丁螺环酮和苯二氮卓类药物。[68]Bhandary AN, Masand PS. Buspirone in the management of disruptive behaviors due to Huntington's disease and other neurological disorders. Psychosomatics. 1997 Jul-Aug;38(4):389-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9217410?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Byrne A, Martin W, Hnatko G. Beneficial effects of buspirone therapy in Huntington's disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;151(7):1097.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8010374?tool=bestpractice.com
强迫行为和持续言语
患者可能变得具有强迫性,家庭生活受到困扰。他们的强迫症可能牵连他人(反复出现怨恨、怀疑对方不忠),也可能是自我导向的(排便或排尿习惯以及液体摄入表现为强迫症)或程式化表现(在习惯、物品使用或洗手等方面墨守成规)。家人通常会不堪其扰,但往往别无选择,只能尽可能妥协。
西酞普兰或氟西汀之类的 SSRI 可能对治疗强迫症有帮助。[70]Royuela Rico A, Gil-Verona JA, Macías Fernández JA. A case of obsessive symptoms in Huntington's disease [in Spanish]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2003 Nov-Dec;31(6):367-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14639515?tool=bestpractice.com[71]De Marchi N, Daniele F, Ragone MA. Fluoxetine in the treatment of Huntington's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jan 1;153(2):264-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11205429?tool=bestpractice.com 可能需要较长持续时间和较高剂量的治疗。鉴于这些症状在部分患者中的病理本质,持续性治疗是必要的。氯米帕明具有较高的不良事件发生率,但是可在 SSRI 治疗失败时予以考虑。
强迫症可能对于抗精神病药有反应,例如奥氮平。[72]Paleacu D, Anca M, Giladi N. Olanzapine in Huntington's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002 Jun;105(6):441-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027832?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Squitieri F, Cannella M, Piorcellini A, et al. Short-term effects of olanzapine in Huntington disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2001 Jan;14(1):69-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11234911?tool=bestpractice.com 应该基于临床经验和合并症在抗抑郁药和抗精神病药之间进行选择。抗精神病药对于患有病理性舞蹈症和激越的患者可能更有效,而抗抑郁药则更适合伴有冷漠表现的患者。
认知行为疗法也对治疗普通人群的强迫症有效,无论是单用还是与其他药物合用。它也可能对亨廷顿病患者有益,尤其是那些无严重认知障碍的患者。
随着痴呆进展,强迫症通常会减轻,可能是由于患者变得不能在主动记忆中保留强迫习性。进行精神科转诊可能有所帮助。
行为和情绪问题(例如易激惹、情绪波动、攻击性、经常脾气爆发)
问题行为之一是坏脾气。[74]Lipe H, Schultz A, Bird TD. Risk factors for suicide in Huntingtons disease: a retrospective case controlled study. Am J Med Genet. 1993 Dec 15;48(4):231-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8135306?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Anderson KE, Marshall FJ. Behavioral symptoms associated with Huntington's disease. Adv Neurol. 2005;96:197-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16383221?tool=bestpractice.com 随着疾病的进展,患者变得越来越易激惹并直言不讳,出现侮辱性言语甚至是动作。家庭疏离可导致孤立、离婚或遗弃,而这又增加了自杀、忽视或意外伤害的可能性。虽然证据有限,但是临床经验表明 SSRI 治疗通常对易激惹有疗效,特别是在早期;这一适应证通常需要使用生产商所建议剂量范围的上限。管理脾性和激惹性的其他标准方法包括使用具有稳定情绪性质的抗惊厥药(丙戊酸盐、卡马西平)、普萘洛尔或者典型或非典型抗精神病药。苯二氮卓类药物也可能有帮助,但是它对部分患者可能具有脱抑制效果。由于缺乏明确研究,使得难以在这些药物中进行选择。然而,抗精神病药可能更适合用于体重减轻和舞蹈症突出且症状需要紧急处理的情况;苯二氮卓类药物可能更适合用于焦虑或失眠较突出的情况;丙戊酸盐则更适合用于症状刚刚演变或担心镇静副作用的情况。2018 年,欧洲药品管理局建议,妊娠期间禁止使用丙戊酸及其类似物,因胎儿/儿童有出现先天畸形和发育问题的风险。[76]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,标准临床做法是只在其他替代药物无法接受或无效时,才将丙戊酸及其类似药物用于治疗妊娠期癫痫发作。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施避孕计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于存在生育可能的女性患者。[76]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
抗精神病药已被成功用于控制激惹性和攻击性;但是几乎没有可用于具体指导的已发表研究。[77]Leonard DP, Kidson MA, Brown JG, et al. A double blind trial of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in Huntington's chorea. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1975 Jun;9(2):115-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/125578?tool=bestpractice.com 基于副作用特征选择抗精神病药。对于有行为问题并存显著舞蹈症的患者,典型(第一代)抗精神病药(例如舒必利、氟哌啶醇)可能有用。非典型抗精神病药(例如喹硫平、奥氮平)更适合用于并存运动迟缓和强直的患者。鉴于抗精神病药的不良反应,偶尔减少剂量或中断给药是适当的。
对于急迫、严重的行为问题,可考虑给予较高初始剂量或肠外途径的抗精神病药。如果需要的话,奥氮平也可进行肠外给药。攻击性或暴力行为的严重发作可能需要民政部门的干预、至急诊科就诊或强制住院。
舞蹈症
重度舞蹈症会干扰身体机能;轻度则会导致社交孤立。[78]Young AB, Shoulson I, Penney JB, et al. Huntington's disease in Venezuela: neurologic features and functional decline. Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):244-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2935747?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Mahant N, McCusker EA, Byth K, et al. Huntington's disease: clinical correlates of disability and progression. Neurology. 2003 Oct 28;61(8):1085-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14581669?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗亨廷顿病的舞蹈症仍颇为棘手,而且治疗的循证基础有限。虽然已经提出了循证指南,[80]Armstrong MJ, Miyasaki JM; American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline: pharmacologic treatment of chorea in Huntington disease. Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2012 Aug 7;79(6):597-603.http://n.neurology.org/content/79/6/597.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815556?tool=bestpractice.com 但其存在争议,且并未反映出经验丰富的亨廷顿病临床医生的临床实践。[81]Reilmann R. Pharmacological treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease - good clinical practice versus evidence-based guideline. Mov Disord. 2013 Jul;28(8):1030-3.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mds.25500http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23674480?tool=bestpractice.com 减轻舞蹈症的药物通常会对情绪、注意力和协调性造成不良反应,这些都是造成亨廷顿病患者功能残疾的常见因素。
抗精神病药是可用的最有效药物之一,特别是氟哌啶醇或三氟拉嗪之类的药物。然而,利培酮或奥氮平之类的非典型抗精神病药也可使用。尽管他们有时可能是有益的,但其副作用可能会加重亨廷顿病的潜在特征,例如夜间镇静和增加体重。这些药物应保留至舞蹈症成为问题时使用。
丁苯那嗪是一种选择性可逆囊泡单胺转运体 (VMAT) 抑制剂,阻断多巴胺转运至中枢神经系统的突触小泡中。[82]Fasano A, Bentivoglio AR. Tetrabenazine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Dec;10(17):2883-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929707?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Chen JJ, Ondo WG, Dashtipour K, et al. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2012 Jul;34(7):1487-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749259?tool=bestpractice.com 它会导致引起镇静、运动迟缓、躁动不安和抑郁的中枢不良反应。它的作用与利血平(在某些国家无法获取)类似,但利血平为非选择性,且不可逆性,因此其中枢不良反应的持续时间更长,且具有在丁苯那嗪未见的外周不良反应(如低血压和胃溃疡)。临床试验已经证明丁苯那嗪可显著减轻舞蹈症。[59]Mestre T, Ferreira J, Coelho MM, et al. Therapeutic interventions for symptomatic treatment in Huntington's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006456.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006456.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588393?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Chen JJ, Ondo WG, Dashtipour K, et al. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2012 Jul;34(7):1487-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749259?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Huntington Study Group. Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006 Feb 14;66(3):366-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476934?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Frank S. Tetrabenazine as anti-chorea therapy in Huntington disease: an open-label continuation study. Huntington Study Group/TETRA-HD Investigators. BMC Neurol. 2009 Dec 18;9:62.https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-9-62http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20021666?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗机构数据显示,与抗精神病药相比,丁苯那嗪具有较短的起效时间和药效持续时间,且不用担心会引起迟发性运动障碍。但是,此药更可能会引起抑郁[83]Chen JJ, Ondo WG, Dashtipour K, et al. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2012 Jul;34(7):1487-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749259?tool=bestpractice.com 和镇静作用。若患者的舞蹈症为其显著问题,则这些患者是使用丁苯那嗪进行治疗的合适人选,特别是不能耐受抗精神病药的患者。也是单独需要对舞蹈症进行治疗的患者(即无需体重增加或夜间镇静的副作用和/或治疗易激惹或激越的患者)的良好一线选择,但是它不适合用于有精神病史的患者。
金刚烷胺可对治疗舞蹈症有所帮助。[86]Lucetti C, Gambaccini G, Bernardini S, et al. Amantadine in Huntington's disease: open-label video-blinded study. Neurol Sci. 2002 Sep;23 Suppl 2:S83-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12548355?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Lucetti C, Del Dotto P, Gambaccini G, et al. IV amantadine improves chorea in Huntington's disease: an acute randomized, controlled study. Neurology. 2003 Jun 24;60(12):1995-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821751?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Verhagen Metman L, Morris MJ, Farmer C, et al. Huntington's disease: a randomized, controlled trial using the NMDA-antagonist amantadine. Neurology. 2002 Sep 10;59(5):694-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12221159?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Huntington Study Group. Dosage effects of riluzole in Huntington's disease: a multicenter placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003 Dec 9;61(11):1551-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14663041?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Heckmann JM, Legg P, Sklar D, et al. IV amantadine improves chorea in Huntington's disease: an acute randomized, controlled study. Neurology. 2004 Aug 10;63(3):597-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15304616?tool=bestpractice.com 持续运动不能、异常眼球运动、步态、言语和协调异常无法得以治疗。
运动迟缓和强直突出
一般情况下,这些症状难以治疗。[91]Reuter I, Hu MT, Andrews TC, et al. Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;68(2):238-41.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/68/2/238.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644798?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Racette BA, Perlmutter JS. Levodopa responsive parkinsonism in an adult with Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;65(4):577-9.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/65/4/577.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9771791?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Bird MT, Paulson GW. The rigid form of Huntington's chorea. Neurology. 1971 Mar;21(3):271-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4327152?tool=bestpractice.com 可尝试左旋多巴/卡比多巴。一个月后疗效应该很明显。金刚烷胺可能需要使用 3 周,此时疗效应当很明显。[86]Lucetti C, Gambaccini G, Bernardini S, et al. Amantadine in Huntington's disease: open-label video-blinded study. Neurol Sci. 2002 Sep;23 Suppl 2:S83-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12548355?tool=bestpractice.com
认知障碍
尽管一项小型随机对照试验显示抗胆碱酯酶药物可能对亨廷顿舞蹈症中的认知有益,但是尚未能再次得出这些结果。[94]Li Y, Hai S, Zhou Y, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 3;(3):CD009444.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009444.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25734590?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机、双盲试验发现西酞普兰对非抑郁患者的执行能力没有效果。[95]Beglinger LJ, Adams WH, Langbehn D, et al. Results of the citalopram to enhance cognition in Huntington disease trial. Mov Disord. 2014 Mar;29(3):401-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24375941?tool=bestpractice.com当前正在开展进一步研究。
其他方法
家庭运动计划展现出改善身体机能的效果。[96]Khalil H, Quinn L, van Deursen R, et al. What effect does a structured home-based exercise programme have on people with Huntington's disease? A randomized, controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2013 Jul;27(7):646-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426565?tool=bestpractice.com 亨廷顿病言语治疗和吞咽治疗没有经过严格测试,但是可能具有短暂的获益。
欧洲亨廷顿病网络发布了一些关于使用非药物干预治疗亨廷顿病的最佳临床指南,例如职业疗法、[97]Cook C, Page K, Wagstaff A, et al; European Huntington’s Disease Network. Occupational therapy for people with Huntington’s disease: best practice guidelines. Jan 2012 [internet publication].https://www.bsmhft.nhs.uk/our-services/specialist-services/neuropsychiatry/occupational-therapy-for-people-with-huntingtons-disease-best-practice-guidelines/ 物理治疗、[98]Quinn L, Busse M; European Huntington’s Disease Network. Physiotherapy clinical guidelines for Huntington’s disease. Neurodegen Dis Manage. 2012;2(1):21-31.http://www.ehdn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Physiotherapy_clinical_guidelines_in_HD.pdf 言语和语言治疗[99]Hamilton A, Ferm U, Heemskerk AW, et al; European Huntington’s Disease Network. Management of speech, language and communication difficulties in Huntington’s disease. Neurodegen Dis Manage. 2012;2(1):67-77.http://www.ehdn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Management_of_speech_language_and_communication_difficulties_in_HD.pdf 以及营养支持。[100]Brotherton A, Campos L, Rowell A, et al; Nutritional management of individuals with Huntington’s disease: nutritional guidelines. Neurodegen Dis Manage. 2012;2(1):33-43.http://www.ehdn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Nutritional_management_of_individuals_with_HD.pdf
由独立评估员进行的驾驶评估可能对确定驾驶是否仍然安全有帮助。