糖尿病神经病变的治疗策略可以分成针对致病机制的治疗和缓解症状的治疗。
前者最具挑战性;唯一证明有效的方法是严格控制 1 型糖尿病患者的血糖。后者包括多种针对症状的治疗方法。通常推荐针对性的对症治疗,可以改善患者的生活质量。
所有糖尿病患者需要定期进行足部检查和护理。尤其是周围神经病变患者存在无痛损伤的风险,所以这是特别重要的。同时患有肾病的患者发生足部溃疡的风险更高。
糖尿病病程较长的患者和晚期患者可能出现大范围的症状和体征,这些症状和体征符合远端对称性多发性神经病和自主神经病变。因此,这些患者需要多种治疗方法。在这种情况下,主治医生应该决定药物组合,以最安全的方式缓解患者症状,同时避免药物的相互作用。
血糖控制
DCCT(糖尿病控制和并发症试验)研究证明,1 型糖尿病强化治疗可使基线状态无神经系统检查异常的患者 5 年内神经病变的发生率降低 60%。[8]The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on nerve conduction in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ann Neurol. 1995 Dec;38:869-880.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8526459?tool=bestpractice.com神经系统和微血管并发症的发生和进展:有高质量证据表明,以将血糖维持在接近正常范围为目标的强化胰岛素治疗有效延缓 1 型糖尿病患者糖尿病神经病变、肾病和视网膜病的发生和进展。[8]The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。DCCT 期间的强化治疗在试验结束时显著降低了糖尿病周围神经病变 (DPN) 和心血管自主神经病变 (CAN) 的风险,且 2013–2014 年的观察随访研究发现,与常规治疗组相比,强化治疗组中 DPN 和 CAN 的患病率和发病率均显著较低。[104]Martin CL, Albers JW, Pop-Busui R; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Neuropathy and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:31-38.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/1/31.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356595?tool=bestpractice.com
一些证据表明,使用多次胰岛素注射在 2 型糖尿病患者实现的最佳血糖控制可降低 DN 风险,但这些证据不如在 1 型糖尿病患者中的证据充足。糖尿病性神经病的发生和进展:有中等质量的证据表明,接受多次胰岛素注射治疗的 2 型糖尿病患者在 6 年期间神经传导情况明显改善,而接受常规胰岛素治疗的患者在 6 年期间正中神经传导速度和振动阈值恶化。[105]Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:103-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7587918?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。一项包括 17 项针对 1 型或 2 型糖尿病患者的随机研究的 meta 分析发现了高质量证据,证明严格控制血糖可预防 1 型糖尿病患者中 DN 的发生并降低临床神经病变发生率。[33]Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL, et al. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(6):CD007543.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007543.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696371?tool=bestpractice.com在 2 型糖尿病中,严格控制血糖对振动知觉阈值无影响,且不能显著降低临床神经病变的发生率。[33]Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL, et al. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(6):CD007543.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007543.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696371?tool=bestpractice.com
最近的一项包括更多数据的综述表明,尽早对 1 型糖尿病患者实施和保持严格的血糖控制可预防早期神经病变的发生,并促进长期保护作用,特别是对心血管自主神经病变。对于 2 型糖尿病,血糖控制对糖尿病周围神经病变或心血管自主神经病变的效果较不明确,而早期的数据显示如果对较少合并症的患者在疾病过程的初期就开始进行血糖控制,对患者有所获益,但后来的研究并没有证实这些发现。[54]Ang L, Jaiswal M, Martin C, et al. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:528.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139473?tool=bestpractice.com
降低血糖的不同方法也可能对糖尿病周围神经病变有不同的影响。在 BARI 2D 试验中对 2000 多名 2 型糖尿病患者进行长达 4 年的随访发现,与提供胰岛素(磺酰脲类和/或胰岛素)的治疗相比,采用胰岛素增敏剂(二甲双胍和/或噻唑烷二酮类)的血糖控制治疗显著降低了糖尿病周围神经病变的发病率,尤其是在男性患者中。[19]Pop-Busui R, Lu J, Brooks MM, et al; BARI 2D Study Group. Impact of glycemic control strategies on the Progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3208-3215.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/10/3208.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757426?tool=bestpractice.com胰腺移植似乎能够阻止糖尿病神经病变的进展。[106]Kennedy WR, Navarro X, Goetz FC, et al. Effects of pancreatic transplantation on diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1031-1037.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2320063?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Navarro X, Sutherland DE, Kennedy WR. Long-term effects of pancreatic transplantation on diabetic neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:727-736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392572?tool=bestpractice.com有两项研究已经显示,同时实行胰腺和肾脏移植后,角膜神经参数改善。[91]Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration after pancreas transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2608-2612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17623821?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Tavakoli M, Mitu-Pretorian M, Petropoulos IN, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration in diabetic neuropathy after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation. Diabetes. 2013;62:254-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526062/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23002037?tool=bestpractice.com在治疗痛性神经病变时,保持稳定的血糖水平可缓解症状。[109]Oyibo SO, Prasad YD, Jackson NJ, et al. The relationship between blood glucose excursions and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a pilot study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:870-873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12358878?tool=bestpractice.com
足部护理
应首先教育患者对足部进行适当的护理。[110]Dorresteijn JA, Valk GD. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(suppl 1):101-106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2237/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271733?tool=bestpractice.com全面检查应包括检查外周动脉搏动,以及脚趾和足部的反射和感觉。
轻微非感染性伤口可通过无刺激性消毒液、每日换药和足部休息进行治疗。[111]Landsman A, Agnew P, Parish L, et al. Diabetic foot ulcers treated with becaplermin and TheraGauze, a moisture-controlling smart dressing: a randomized, multicenter, prospective analysis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2010;100:155-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479444?tool=bestpractice.com较严重的问题最好咨询糖尿病足专家。[70]Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Senneville E, et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28 Suppl 1:163-178.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2248/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271739?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:e132-173.http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/2012%20Diabetic%20Foot%20Infections%20Guideline.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22619242?tool=bestpractice.com
对于足部溃疡和发生溃疡高风险的患者,尤其是有溃疡或截肢病史的患者以及夏柯氏足患者和透析患者,推荐多学科合作、个体化的治疗策略。[55]American Diabetes Association. 9. Microvascular complications and foot care. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S58-S66.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/Supplement_1/S58.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537710?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数糖尿病足的感染为混合性感染;需氧革兰阳性球菌,尤其是葡萄菌球菌,是最常见的病原体。需氧革兰阴性杆菌是造成慢性感染的常见合并病原体;专性厌氧菌可能是造成缺血性或坏死性伤口的合并病原体。无软组织或骨感染迹象的伤口不需要抗生素治疗。对于感染性伤口,应将清创术后标本(最好是组织标本)进行需氧和厌氧培养。对于许多急性感染的患者,可经验性给予抗革兰阳性球菌的抗生素。对于有耐药菌感染风险的患者,或慢性感染患者以及以前治疗过的患者或严重感染患者通常需要使用广谱抗生素。[70]Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Senneville E, et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28 Suppl 1:163-178.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2248/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271739?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:e132-173.http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/2012%20Diabetic%20Foot%20Infections%20Guideline.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22619242?tool=bestpractice.com
使用全接触石膏支具和/或特制的鞋类减少足底压力可加速伤口愈合。[2]Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:956-962.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/4/956.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15793206?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Roukis TS, Schade VL. Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for treatment of neuropathic toe ulceration secondary to toe contracture in persons with diabetes: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2009;48:684-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19857826?tool=bestpractice.com
生活方式干预
一项观察研究发现,饮食控制和锻炼可以改善神经病变和葡萄糖耐量受损患者的神经性症状和表皮内神经纤维密度 (IENFD)。[113]Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL, et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1294-1299.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/6/1294.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16732011?tool=bestpractice.com对糖尿病周围神经病变患者进行的另一项纵向研究发现,一项为期 10 周的中等强度有氧锻炼和抗阻训练改善了表皮内神经纤维密度指标。[114]Kluding PM, Pasnoor M, Singh R, et al. The effect of exercise on neuropathic symptoms, nerve function, and cutaneous innervation in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26:424-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436981/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717465?tool=bestpractice.com
周围神经病变的疼痛治疗:初始治疗
尽管一些治疗方法对痛性糖尿病神经病变有效,但这些治疗方法中许多存在不良反应,或在功能改善及生活质量改善方面证据有限。[115]Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al; American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine; American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 2011;76:1758-1765.http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482920?tool=bestpractice.com
美国神经病学学会 (American Academy of Neurology, AAN)、美国神经肌肉和电生理诊断医学协会 (American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine) 及美国物理医学与康复学院 (American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) 建议应用普瑞巴林作为一线治疗药物。[115]Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al; American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine; American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 2011;76:1758-1765.http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482920?tool=bestpractice.com加巴喷丁、度洛西汀、阿米替林、文拉法辛、阿片类药物(硫酸吗啡、曲马多和羟考酮控释片)、丙戊酸盐和辣椒素被认为是二线治疗药物。[115]Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al; American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine; American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 2011;76:1758-1765.http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482920?tool=bestpractice.com
神经性疼痛特别关注组 (Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group, NeuPSIG) 对神经病变性疼痛药物治疗进行的一项系统评价和 meta 分析中,强烈建议使用三环类抗抑郁药、5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂、普瑞巴林和加巴喷丁进行一线治疗;其次推荐利多卡因贴片、辣椒素高浓度贴片和曲马多;再次推荐强效阿片类药物和肉毒杆菌毒素作为三线药物。[116]Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:162-173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493167/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25575710?tool=bestpractice.com
普瑞巴林
在一些国家被批准用于治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变。
结合并调控电压门控性钙通道。
是比加巴喷丁更有效的钙通道调节剂(它的这种作用模式可以调节神经病性疼痛)。
研究发现,与安慰剂相比,可有效降低痛性糖尿病神经病变患者的平均疼痛分数。[117]Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, et al. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD007076.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588419?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Freeman R, Durso-Decruz E, Emir B. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of
pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from
seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1448-1454.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/7/1448.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356405?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Raskin P, Huffman C, Toth C, et al. Pregabalin in patients with inadequately treated painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized withdrawal trial. Clin J Pain. 2014;30:379-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23887339?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病周围神经性疼痛改善:有中等质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,在治疗 1 周内,普瑞巴林显著改善疼痛评分(持续 6–8 周)。报告显示,40% 接受普瑞巴林治疗的患者疼痛减少 50% 或以上,而仅 14.5% 接受安慰剂治疗的患者疼痛减少。[120]Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2004;110:628-638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288403?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
可能会引起嗜睡和足部水肿。
不同于加巴喷丁,普瑞巴林可能会成瘾。
加巴喷丁
几项研究已发现其可以改善糖尿病神经病变患者的疼痛。[121]Backonja MM. Gabapentin monotherapy for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with diabetes mellitus. Epilepsia. 1999;40:S57-S59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10530684?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Perez HE, Sanchez GF. Gabapentin therapy for diabetic neuropathic pain. Am J Med. 2000;108:689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896633?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Simpson D. Gabapentin and venlafaxine for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. J Clinl Neuromuscul Dis. 2001;3:53-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19078655?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD007938.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771480?tool=bestpractice.com [
]加巴喷丁治疗成人慢性神经性疼痛和纤维肌痛有什么作用?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.638/full显示答案
在一些国家它尚未被批准用于治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变,但仍被广泛应用。
可能有不良反应,需要中止治疗。不良反应包括嗜睡、头晕、外周水肿和步态障碍。[124]Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD007938.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771480?tool=bestpractice.com [
]加巴喷丁治疗成人慢性神经性疼痛和纤维肌痛有什么作用?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.638/full显示答案
度洛西汀
在一些国家被批准用于治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变。
临床研究显示,度洛西汀可安全、有效地治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变。[125]Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, et al. Effects of duloxetine on painful physical symptoms associated with depression. Psychosomatics. 2004;45:17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14709757?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Iyengar S, Bymaster FP, Wong DT, et al. Efficacy of the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, duloxetine, in the formalin model of persistent pain. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;12:215.[127]Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, et al. Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2005;116:109-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15927394?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Wernicke JF, Prakash A, Kajdasz DK, et al. Safety and tolerability of
duloxetine treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain between patients
with and without cardiovascular conditions. J Diabetes Complications. 2009;23:349-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18768332?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Sultan A, Gaskell H, Derry S, Moore RA. Duloxetine for painful diabetic
neuropathy and fibromyalgia pain: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC
Neurol. 2008;8:29. Review.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/8/29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18673529?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD007115.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385423?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病周围神经性疼痛改善:有中等质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,每天一次或两次度洛西汀 (60 mg),12 周后疼痛性糖尿病性神经病患者(无抑郁共病)的 24 小时平均疼痛严重性平均得分显著改善。[131]Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, et al. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2006;67:1411-1420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060567?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
是一种选择性 5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取双重抑制剂,且其对两种神经递质再摄取抑制的亲和力相对均衡。
可能引起恶心,但缓慢调整药物剂量以及与食物同服通常可以减轻或避免这种常见的不良反应。
也可能引起嗜睡。[132]Raskin J, Wang F, Pritchett YL, et al. Duloxetine for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a 6-month open-label safety study. Pain Med. 2006;7:373-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014595?tool=bestpractice.com
如有必要,可将普瑞巴林或加巴喷丁与度洛西汀联合使用。对不同药物治疗糖尿病神经病变性疼痛的效果进行直接头对头比较的研究较少。[133]Quilici S, Chancellor J, Löthgren M, et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:6.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/9/6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208243?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有中等质量的证据来源于间接的 meta 分析,以安慰剂作为共同对照药物,比较了度洛西汀与普瑞巴林和加巴喷丁的有效性和耐受性。结果表明度洛西汀在治疗糖尿病神经病变方面的疗效和耐受性不逊于普瑞巴林和加巴喷丁。[133]Quilici S, Chancellor J, Löthgren M, et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:6.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/9/6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208243?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
联合治疗
在对标准剂量度洛西汀或普瑞巴林的单药疗法反应不佳的糖尿病周围神经病变疼痛患者中进行的一项多中心、双盲、平行研究,旨在研究两种药物组合的效果是否优于单药最大剂量的效果。在 8 周治疗期间,单药治疗无反应者 (N =339) 接受了最大剂量的度洛西汀疗法、标准剂量的度洛西汀和普瑞巴林联合疗法,或最大剂量的普瑞巴林疗法。这两种药物及其联合的耐受性好。虽然没有显著优于高剂量单药疗法,联合疗法被认为是有效、安全的,且耐受性好。[134]Tesfaye S, Wilhelm S, Lledo A, et al. Duloxetine and pregabalin: high-dose monotherapy or their combination? The "COMBO-DN study" - a multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2013;154:2616-2625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732189?tool=bestpractice.com
可将丙米嗪和普瑞巴林联合治疗可考虑作为高剂量单药治疗的一种替代选择。在一项随机对照临床试验中,丙米嗪和普瑞巴林联合治疗相比任一药物单药治疗可显著降低疼痛评分,但与更高的退出率和更高的副作用发生率和严重程度相关。[135]Holbech JV, Bach FW, Finnerup NB, et al. Imipramine and pregabalin combination for painful polyneuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2015;156:958-966.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25719617?tool=bestpractice.com
三环类抗抑郁药 (Tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs)
可阻断神经元对去甲肾上腺素和 5-羟色胺的再摄取,从而增强对疼痛传导通路中这些神经递质的抑制作用。[136]Joss JD. Tricyclic antidepressant use in diabetic neuropathy. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:996-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492505?tool=bestpractice.com
针对糖尿病神经病变患者的小型随机对照临床试验发现,与安慰剂相比,阿米替林、丙米嗪和地昔帕明均可以更有效地缓解疼痛。糖尿病周围神经性疼痛改善:有低质量证据表明,无论是抑郁和非抑郁患者,阿米替林、丙米嗪和地昔帕明都能缓解糖尿病性神经病患者的疼痛,效果优于安慰剂。其效果看起来与任何抗抑郁效应无关。[137]Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, et al. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1250-1256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1560801?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Kvinesdal B, Molin J, Froland A, et al. Imipramine treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. JAMA. 1984;251:1727-1730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6366276?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Max MB, Culnane M, Schafer SC, et al. Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology. 1987;37:589-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2436092?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Sindrup SH, Ejlertsen B, Froland A, et al. Imipramine treatment in diabetic neuropathy: relief of subjective symptoms without changes in peripheral and autonomic nerve function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;37:151-153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2792168?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Max MB, Kishore-Kumar R, Schafer SC, et al. Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 1991;45:3-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1861872?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
在对 21 项临床试验进行的一项 meta 分析中显示 TCA 有效。[142]McQuay HJ, Tramèr M, Nye BA, et al. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain. 1996;68:217-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9121808?tool=bestpractice.com
三环类抗抑郁药的不良反应常见,可能会导致治疗中断。在三环类抗抑郁药的临床试验中,约 20% 的受试者由于无法忍受不良反应,如镇静、意识错乱和抗胆碱能不良反应而中断治疗。
将常用的三环类抗抑郁药按其抗胆碱能作用风险从大到小排列为:阿米替林;丙米嗪;去甲替林 (nortriptyline);地昔帕明 (desipramine)。[143]Richelson E. Pharmacology of antidepressants--characteristics of the ideal drug. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994;69:1069-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7967761?tool=bestpractice.com
Cochrane 综述不支持使用阿米替林、去甲替林、丙米嗪或地昔帕明作为痛性糖尿病神经病变的一线治疗药物。[144]Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, et al. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD008242.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146793?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D,et al. Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD011209.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011209.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569864?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Hearn L, Derry S, Phillips T, et al. Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD010769.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010769.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838845?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Hearn L, Moore RA, Derry S, et al. Desipramine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD011003.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011003.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246131?tool=bestpractice.com 评估上述药物疗效的研究存在方法学缺陷,可能存在重大偏倚。
其他抗抑郁药
选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 可能对糖尿病神经病变有一些疗效。
2015 年的一项 Cochrane 综述发现,极少有说服力的证据支持使用文拉法辛治疗神经性疼痛。[148]Gallagher HC, Gallagher RM, Butler M, et al. Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011091.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011091.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26298465?tool=bestpractice.com
已发现帕罗西汀可减轻症状。糖尿病性周围神经性疼痛改善:有低质量证据证明,每天 40 mg 帕罗西汀显著减少神经病变的症状,但不如丙米嗪有效。[149]Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Brosen K, et al. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Pain. 1990;42:135-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2147235?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
氟西汀只对抑郁症患者有效。[137]Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, et al. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1250-1256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1560801?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项纳入 8 名患者的小型开放性研究中,舍曲林减轻了糖尿病神经病变疼痛,但尚未进行安慰剂对照研究。[150]Goodnick PJ, Jimenez I, Kumar A. Sertraline in diabetic neuropathy: preliminary results. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1997;9:255-257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9511950?tool=bestpractice.com
阿片类镇痛药
用于治疗神经性疼痛。[151]Dellemijn PL, Vanneste JA. Randomised double-blind active-placebo-controlled crossover trial of intravenous fentanyl in neuropathic pain. Lancet. 1997;349:753-758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9074573?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, et al. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1223-1232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12660386?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Watson CP, Moulin D, Watt-Watson J, et al. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2003;105:71-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499422?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑与现有药物联合或单独使用。
长期使用会引起显著不良反应;可能发生药物依赖。
通过激活存在于初级传入神经纤维、脊髓背侧角的次级神经元以及与疼痛相关的脊髓上中心神经元突触前膜和突触后膜的 μ 型阿片受体来抑制疼痛。
研究还发现曲马多(一种弱阿片类药物)可有效地治疗糖尿病神经病变性疼痛。糖尿病性周围神经性疼痛改善:有中等质量证据证明,曲马多(平均剂量:210 mg/日)对于糖尿病性神经性疼痛的治疗远比安慰剂有效。恶心、便秘、头痛和嗜睡是曲马多的不良反应。[154]Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M, et al. Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 1998;50:1842-1846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9633738?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。可用于治疗突发性或难治性疼痛。
研究已证明,他喷他多对于糖尿病周围神经病变性疼痛有效且耐受性好。[155]Vinik AI, Shapiro DY, Rauschkolb C, et al. A randomized withdrawal, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of tapentadol extended release in patients with chronic painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2302-2309.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/8/2302.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848284?tool=bestpractice.com
一项短期和中期研究的系统综述发现,阿片类药物对慢性神经病性疼痛的镇痛效果仍不明确。[156]McNicol ED, Midbari A, Eisenberg E. Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD006146.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006146.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986501?tool=bestpractice.com
一项小型交叉研究发现,羟考酮在糖尿病神经病变治疗中优于安慰剂,糖尿病周围神经性疼痛改善:有质量差的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,对于治疗糖尿病性神经病疼痛,羟考酮在 4 周期间显著减少平均每日疼痛,使疼痛稳定,减少总疼痛和残疾。[153]Watson CP, Moulin D, Watt-Watson J, et al. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2003;105:71-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499422?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但没有令人信服、无偏倚的证据证明,羟考酮在痛性糖尿病神经病变患者的治疗中有价值。[157]Gaskell H, Derry S, Stannard C, et al. Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD010692.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010692.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27465317?tool=bestpractice.com
局部给予辣椒素
可单独使用或联合其他疗法一起用于难治性疼痛。
辣椒素刺激感觉神经纤维释放 P 物质,并使其耗竭。
已证明,辣椒素软膏 (0.1%) 可引起表皮内神经纤维和热感觉缺失,且在约 150 天内不会恢复。[158]Gibbons CH, Wang N, Freeman R. Capsaicin induces degeneration of cutaneous autonomic nerve fibers. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:888-898.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057686/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061393?tool=bestpractice.com尚未发表有关高浓度局部用辣椒素(8% 的贴片)对皮肤神经纤维影响的数据。作者的意见是,不应考虑使用 8% 的辣椒素贴片治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变。
一些小型研究已证实局部用辣椒素在控制疼痛和提高日常活动能力方面有效。[159]Derry S, Lloyd R, Moore RA, et al. Topical capsaicin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007393.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821411?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with topical capsaicin. A multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. The Capsaicin Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2225-2229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1953227?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Effect of treatment with capsaicin on daily activities of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:159-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1547671?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Biesbroeck R, Bril V, Hollander P, et al. A double-blind comparison of topical capsaicin and oral amitriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy. Adv Ther. 1995;12:111-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10150323?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Zhang WY, Li Wan Po A. The effectiveness of topically applied capsaicin. A meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;46:517-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7995318?tool=bestpractice.com [
]在成人慢性神经性疼痛患者中,是否有随机对照临床试验支持使用高浓度 (8%) 外用辣椒素?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.236/full显示答案
黏附性通常较差,由于给药频繁,初始症状加重,敷贴部位灼痛和变红。
经皮电刺激神经 (TENS)、经皮电神经刺激 (PENS) 或针灸
可以与其他疗法联合或单独使用,治疗顽固性疼痛。[164]Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J. Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74:173-176.http://www.neurology.org/content/74/2/173.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042705?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项对照研究中,与安慰剂相比,经皮电刺激神经能有效减轻糖尿病神经病变患者的疼痛。[165]Kumar D, Marshall HJ. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: amelioration of pain with transcutaneous electrostimulation. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1702-1705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353612?tool=bestpractice.com
针对经皮电刺激神经和针灸的非对照研究表明,二者可以减轻 75% 以上的糖尿病神经病变患者的疼痛。[166]Julka IS, Alvaro M, Kumar D. Beneficial effects of electrical stimulation on neuropathic symptoms in diabetes patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37:191-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9638542?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Abuaisha BB, Costanzi JB, Boulton AJ. Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy: a long-term study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998;39:115-121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9597381?tool=bestpractice.com
美国神经病学学会治疗和技术评估小组委员会对 2009 年 4 月之前的文献回顾后总结道,经皮电刺激神经对于减轻糖尿病周围神经病变引起的疼痛可能具有一定的作用。[164]Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J. Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74:173-176.http://www.neurology.org/content/74/2/173.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042705?tool=bestpractice.com
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所发现经皮电神经刺激对于治疗顽固性神经病性疼痛具有短期效果,而无重大安全风险。经皮电神经刺激应由疼痛管理专家进行。[168]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for refractory neuropathic pain. March 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 16 May 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg450
脊髓刺激
对于所有其他治疗方法均难以治愈的重度痛性糖尿病神经病变患者,可以考虑使用。[169]de Vos CC, Meier K, Zaalberg PB, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2014;155:2426-2431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25180016?tool=bestpractice.com[170]Slangen R, Schaper NC, Faber CG, et al. Spinal cord stimulation and pain relief in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a prospective two-center randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:3016-3024.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/11/3016.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25216508?tool=bestpractice.com
颅神经病变、肢体单神经病、躯干单神经病、糖尿病性肌萎缩
没有治疗颅神经病变的特殊方法,但是该病通常会逐渐恢复。也没有治疗突发性肢体神经病变的特殊方法,但有一些人主张当有多神经受累时进行免疫调节治疗。
一旦排除结构异常,对糖尿病躯干单神经病的治疗主要是疼痛治疗。通常是逐渐改善的。
除了改善血糖控制,一般不对糖尿病性肌萎缩予以治疗。不过,活检显示有炎性改变的患者可能对免疫调节有反应。[171]Albers JW, Pop-Busui R. Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, emerging treatments, and subtypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14:473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954624?tool=bestpractice.com
自主神经病变
研究已证明,血糖控制延缓 1 型糖尿病和 2 型糖尿病(可能)患者自主神经病变的发病和进展。[8]The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on nerve conduction in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ann Neurol. 1995 Dec;38:869-880.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8526459?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, et al. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:580-591.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0706245#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256393?tool=bestpractice.com[173]The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Diabetologia. 1998;41:416-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562345?tool=bestpractice.com异常自主神经检查结果的发生和进展:有高质量的证据表明,对于 1 型糖尿病患者,与强化胰岛素治疗相比,传统的胰岛素治疗会随时间显著增加 R-R 变异性及 Valsalva 比的下降速率。[173]The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Diabetologia. 1998;41:416-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562345?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 研究表明,在 1 型糖尿病治疗时尽早实行严格的血糖控制可以预防心血管自主神经病变的早期发展,并对该病有长期保护作用,但血糖控制对 2 型糖尿病心血管自主神经病变的作用还不太清楚。[54]Ang L, Jaiswal M, Martin C, et al. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:528.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139473?tool=bestpractice.com
下文列出了自主神经病变的各种表现,讨论了治疗方法。
直立性低血压的治疗
简单的生活方式和支持措施包括:[22]Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:639-653.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1239/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695768?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Pop-Busui R. What do we know and we do not know about cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:463-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644723?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Pop-Busui R. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:434-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103559?tool=bestpractice.com
避免体位突然变为头部向上体位
避免使用加剧低血压的药物
少食多餐;避免低盐饮食;充分摄入液体
避免需要牵拉的运动
晚上将床头抬高 45 cm(18 英寸)。这可改善小部分各种原因所致直立性低血压患者的症状。[174]MacLean A, Allen B. Orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic tachycardia. Treatment with "head-up" bed. JAMA. 1940;115:2162-2167.
腿部和腹部穿弹力服装。病例报告表明该方法可能有益[175]Schatz IJ, Podolsky S, Frame B. Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 1963;186:537-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14059025?tool=bestpractice.com[176]Levin JM, Ravenna P, Weiss M. Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Treatment with a commercially available counterpressure suit. Arch Intern Med. 1964;114:145-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14152122?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Lewis HD Jr, Dunn M. Orthostatic hypotension syndrome. A case report. Am Heart J. 1967;74:396-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6041068?tool=bestpractice.com[178]Sheps SG. Use of an elastic garment in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Cardiology. 1976;61:271-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/975141?tool=bestpractice.com
使用可充气腹带。一项纳入 6 名直立性低血压患者的研究显示这种做法有效[179]Tanaka H, Yamaguchi H, Tamai H. Treatment of orthostatic intolerance with inflatable abdominal band. Lancet. 1997:349:175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9111544?tool=bestpractice.com
如果病情需要,使用便携性矮椅。一项研究显示这是有效的。[180]Smit AA, Hardjowijono MA, Wieling W. Are portable folding chairs useful to combat orthostatic hypotension? Ann Neurol. 1997:42:975-978.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9403491?tool=bestpractice.com
一些物理方法,如腿交叉、下蹲和挤压肌肉有助于维持血压。[181]van Lieshout JJ, ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Physical manoeuvres for combating orthostatic dizziness in autonomic failure. Lancet. 1992;339:897-898.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1348300?tool=bestpractice.com
可能需要药物治疗。虽然在实际应用中,通常首先选择氟氢可的松治疗直立性低血压,但在一些国家,米多君是唯一被批准治疗该病的药物。
氟氢可的松
一种合成盐皮质激素,作用时间长,诱导血浆容量扩张。它也可增强血管对循环中儿茶酚胺的敏感性。[182]Schatz IJ, Miller MJ, Frame B. Corticosteroids in the management of orthostatic hypotension. Cardiology. 1976;61:280-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/975142?tool=bestpractice.com[183]van Lieshout JJ, ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position limit the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res. 2000;10:35-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10750642?tool=bestpractice.com
最早的报告仅对一位用药患者进行了描述,随后出现了其他病例报道。[184]Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, et al. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med. 1959;261:788-791.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14401690?tool=bestpractice.com[185]Bannister R, Ardill L, Fentem P. An assessment of various methods of treatment of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Q J Med. 1969;38:377-395.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4311254?tool=bestpractice.com[186]Campbell IW, Ewing DJ, Clarke BF. Therapeutic experience with fludrocortisone in diabetic postural hypotension. Br Med J. 1976;1:872-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1639594/pdf/brmedj00511-0024.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/769906?tool=bestpractice.com
不会立即起效,而是在 1 至 2 周内开始发挥作用。
可能会出现卧位高血压、低钾血症和低镁血症。
必须要谨慎,尤其是对于充血性心力衰竭患者,避免液体负荷过重。[187]Chobanian AV, Volicer L, Tifft CP, et al. Mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension in patients with orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:68-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/449947?tool=bestpractice.com[188]Robertson D, Davis TL. Recent advances in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 1995;45:S26-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7746370?tool=bestpractice.com
米多君 [22]Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:639-653.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1239/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695768?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Pop-Busui R. What do we know and we do not know about cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:463-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644723?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Pop-Busui R. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:434-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103559?tool=bestpractice.com
一种外周选择性直接 α-1 肾上腺素受体激动剂,在一些国家是唯一被批准用于治疗直立性低血压的药物。
激活小动脉和静脉上的 α-1 受体,从而增加总外周阻力。[189]Zachariah PK, Bloedow DC, Moyer TP, et al. Pharmacodynamics of midodrine, an antihypotensive agent. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986;39:586-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2421958?tool=bestpractice.com[190]McTavish D, Goa KL. Midodrine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in orthostatic hypotension and secondary hypotensive disorders. Drugs. 1989;38:757-777.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2480881?tool=bestpractice.com
几项双盲、安慰剂对照研究已经证明其治疗直立性低血压的有效性。[191]Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R, et al. Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group. JAMA. 1997;277:1046-1051. [Erratum in: JAMA. 1997;278:388.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9091692?tool=bestpractice.com[192]Kaufmann H, Brannan T, Krakoff L, et al. Treatment of orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure with a peripheral alpha-adrenergic agonist (midodrine). Neurology. 1988;38:951-956.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2452997?tool=bestpractice.com[193]Wright RA, Kaufmann HC, Perera R, et al. A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 1998;51:120-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9674789?tool=bestpractice.com
因为它不穿过血-脑屏障,因此中枢不良反应比麻黄碱少。主要的不良反应是毛发竖立、瘙痒、感觉异常、尿潴留和卧位高血压。
混合型 α 肾上腺素受体激动剂,直接作用于 α 肾上腺素受体,促进交感节后神经元释放去甲肾上腺素,包括:
严重高血压是所有拟交感神经剂的重要不良反应。其他限制其使用的不良反应包括发抖、易怒、失眠、心动过速、食欲降低及男性患者出现尿潴留。[195]Mathias CJ, Kimber JR. Treatment of postural hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:285-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2170249/pdf/v065p00285.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9728937?tool=bestpractice.com
促红细胞生成素[22]Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:639-653.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1239/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695768?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Pop-Busui R. What do we know and we do not know about cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:463-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644723?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Pop-Busui R. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:434-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103559?tool=bestpractice.com
可升高直立性低血压患者站起时的血压。[57]Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, et al. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1553-1579.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/5/1553http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12716821?tool=bestpractice.com
升压的作用机制仍不明确。可能的作用机制包括增加红细胞量和中心血容量;纠正正色素正细胞性贫血(常伴随糖尿病自主神经病变出现);改变血黏度;由血红蛋白和血管扩张剂一氧化氮之间的相互作用介导的,对血管壁和血管张力的直接或间接的神经体液调节。[196]Winkler AS, Landau S, Watkins P, et al. Observations on haematological and cardiovascular effects of erythropoietin treatment in multiple system atrophy with sympathetic failure. Clin Auton Res. 2002;12:203-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12269555?tool=bestpractice.com[197]Hoeldtke RD, Streeten DH. Treatment of orthostatic hypotension with erythropoietin. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:611-615.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199308263290904#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8341335?tool=bestpractice.com[198]Perera R, Isola L, Kaufmann H. Effect of recombinant erythropoietin on anemia and orthostatic hypotension in primary autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res. 1995;5:211-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8520216?tool=bestpractice.com
可乐定
一种 α-2 受体激动剂,抑制中枢交感神经,从而降低血压。
严重自主神经损害患者几乎没有中枢交感神经传出活性,可乐定可能会影响静脉突触后的 α-2 肾上腺素受体。
由于高血压效应不一致,且不良反应严重,因此这种药物的使用受到了限制。
可乐定可增加静脉回流,同时不会显著增加外周血管阻力。
奥曲肽[22]Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:639-653.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1239/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695768?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Pop-Busui R. What do we know and we do not know about cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:463-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644723?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Pop-Busui R. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:434-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103559?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病胃轻瘫治疗
一些胃轻瘫的治疗方法来源于普遍接受的临床实践。主要包括:[88]Kempler P, Amarenco G, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Management strategies for gastrointestinal, erectile, bladder, and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:665-677.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1223/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21748841?tool=bestpractice.com
少食多餐。
改变饮食结构,如减少饮食中的脂肪和纤维。[199]Vinik AI. Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med. 1999;107:17S-26S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484041?tool=bestpractice.com[200]Vinik AI. Diagnosis and management of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Geriatr Med. 1999;15:293-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10339635?tool=bestpractice.com[201]Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861-874, vi-vii.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890116?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗包括:
红霉素
有效加速胃排空。使用红霉素改善胃排空:从几项开放性临床试验得到的中等质量证据发现,胃排空平均改善了 40% 以上。[202]Sturm A, Holtmann G, Goebell H, et al. Prokinetics in patients with gastroparesis: a systematic analysis. Digestion. 1999;60:422-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473966?tool=bestpractice.com一项单盲试验也显示胃排空改善了 50%。[202]Sturm A, Holtmann G, Goebell H, et al. Prokinetics in patients with gastroparesis: a systematic analysis. Digestion. 1999;60:422-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473966?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
被认为是通过刺激肠道内胃动素受体发挥作用。[203]Peeters T, Matthijs G, Depoortere I, et al. Erythromycin is a motilin receptor agonist. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:G470-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2782416?tool=bestpractice.com
可口服使用,但发现静脉给药更为有效。[204]Richards RD, Davenport K, McCallum RW. The treatment of idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis with acute intravenous and chronic oral erythromycin. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:203-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8424421?tool=bestpractice.com[205]DiBaise JK, Quigley EM. Efficacy of prolonged administration of intravenous erythromycin in an ambulatory setting as treatment of severe gastroparesis: one center's experience. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;28:131-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078820?tool=bestpractice.com
甲氧氯普胺
具有止吐的作用,能刺激肌间神经丛乙酰胆碱的释放,而且是多巴胺拮抗剂。[201]Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861-874, vi-vii.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890116?tool=bestpractice.com
开放、单盲及双盲试验显示其具有微弱获益。[202]Sturm A, Holtmann G, Goebell H, et al. Prokinetics in patients with gastroparesis: a systematic analysis. Digestion. 1999;60:422-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473966?tool=bestpractice.com
可能产生的不良影响包括锥体外系症状,如急性肌张力障碍,药物引起的帕金森病;静坐不能;及迟发性运动障碍。也可能出现溢乳、闭经、男性乳房发育和高泌乳素血症。
甲氧氯普胺最长使用 5 天,以降低神经系统和其他副作用的风险。[206]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends changes to the use of metoclopramide. July 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 16 May 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2013/07/news_detail_001854.jsp不再推荐该药用于胃轻瘫的长期治疗。该药应仅供对其他疗法无反应的重病患者短期使用。
多潘立酮
是外周多巴胺受体拮抗剂。
研究证明可促进胃动力,且有止吐作用。作为一种促动力剂,增加胃收缩的数量及/或强度,改善糖尿病性胃轻瘫患者的症状。
刺激液体和固体的胃排空。[207]Horowitz M, Harding PE, Chatterton BE, et al. Acute and chronic effects of domperidone on gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Dig Dis Sci. 1985;30:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3965269?tool=bestpractice.com
它的主要作用归因于它的止吐作用,以及轻度的刺激蠕动作用。[208]Patterson D, Abell T, Rothstein R, et al. A double-blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1230-1234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235199?tool=bestpractice.com
几项开放试验和双盲试验都显示胃排空有所改善。[202]Sturm A, Holtmann G, Goebell H, et al. Prokinetics in patients with gastroparesis: a systematic analysis. Digestion. 1999;60:422-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473966?tool=bestpractice.com[208]Patterson D, Abell T, Rothstein R, et al. A double-blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1230-1234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235199?tool=bestpractice.com
对口服多潘立酮治疗糖尿病性胃轻瘫进行的所有研究的系统综述表明多潘立酮治疗胃轻瘫有一定疗效。[209]Ahmad N, Keith-Ferris J, Gooden E, et al. Making a case for domperidone in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6:571-576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997628?tool=bestpractice.com
由于安全问题,对其应用还存有争议。在一篇欧洲的综述发表后,药物和卫生保健产品监管署和欧洲药品管理局发布了有关多潘立酮使用的新建议。综述发现该药物可能与致命性心脏反应风险的小幅增加相关。因此,药品管理局推荐多潘立酮应该只被用于治疗恶心和呕吐症状,不再推荐治疗胃灼热、腹胀,或胃不适。在药品标示外使用前应该仔细权衡应用该药的风险和收益。应该在尽可能短的疗程内使用最低有效剂量,最长疗程通常不应超过 1 周。新的成人最大推荐剂量 30 毫克/天。多潘立酮禁用于患有严重的肝损害或潜在心脏病的患者。它不应与其他 QT 间期延长或抑制 CYP3A4 的药物同时给药。[210]European Medicines Agency. CMDh confirms recommendations on restricting use of domperidone-containing medicines. April 2014. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 16 May 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2014/04/news_detail_002083.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1在英国如果没有处方已经无法获得多潘立酮。
幽门内肉毒杆菌毒素注射
针对严重糖尿病性胃轻瘫患者(这些患者尽管改变了饮食,使用了高剂量促胃肠动力药)的几个病例报道称,在上消化道内镜检查时进行幽门内肉毒杆菌毒素注射显著改善症状。[211]Lacy BE, Zayat EN, Crowell MD, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of gastroparesis: a preliminary report. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1548-1552.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094882?tool=bestpractice.com[212]Ezzeddine D, Jit R, Katz N, et al. Pyloric injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:920-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12024156?tool=bestpractice.com[213]Lacy BE, Crowell MD, Schettler-Duncan A, et al. The treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with botulinum toxin injection of the pylorus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2341-2347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451898?tool=bestpractice.com
非药物方法已用于治疗对药物治疗无反应的糖尿病性胃轻瘫患者。
胃起搏(刺激)
短期人体胃起搏研究证明,可通过起搏调控胃慢波,使肌电活动正常化。[214]McCallum RW, Chen JD, Lin Z, et al. Gastric pacing improves emptying and symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9496935?tool=bestpractice.com[215]Bellahsene BE, Lind CD, Schirmer BD, et al. Acceleration of gastric emptying with electrical stimulation in a canine model of gastroparesis. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:G826-834.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1590392?tool=bestpractice.com
采用不改变胃肌电或肌肉活动的高频率、低振幅信号
研究显示,胃刺激改善胃轻瘫患者的恶心和呕吐症状。恶心和呕吐症状改善:有低质量证据证明,胃刺激虽然不能显著改善胃排空,但是可显著减少胃轻瘫(主要是糖尿病性)患者自我报告的恶心和呕吐的频率和严重程度。[216]Forster J, Sarosiek I, Delcore R, et al. Gastric pacing is a new surgical treatment for gastroparesis. Am J Surg. 2001;182:676-681.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839337?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
外科治疗
持续性呕吐可能需要空肠造口置管,以绕过无活力的胃。[201]Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861-874, vi-vii.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890116?tool=bestpractice.com
少数患者采用 Roux-en -Y 形吻合术的根治性手术,包括胃大部切除,已获得成功。[50]Ejskjaer NT, Bradley JL, Buxton-Thomas MS, et al. Novel surgical treatment and gastric pathology in diabetic gastroparesis. Diabet Med. 1999;16:488-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10391397?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病性腹泻治疗
广谱抗生素常用于治疗糖尿病性腹泻,无论是当氢呼气试验为阳性,还是作为经验用药。[88]Kempler P, Amarenco G, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Management strategies for gastrointestinal, erectile, bladder, and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:665-677.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1223/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21748841?tool=bestpractice.com早期的一项只纳入一位患者的双盲研究发现,患者口服抗生素制剂后腹泻停止,但替换安慰剂后,腹泻又会复发。[217]Green PA, Berge KG, Sprague RG. Control of diabetic diarrhea with antibiotic therapy. Diabetes. 1968;17:385-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5652471?tool=bestpractice.com已提出几种不同的方案。[199]Vinik AI. Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med. 1999;107:17S-26S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484041?tool=bestpractice.com[200]Vinik AI. Diagnosis and management of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Geriatr Med. 1999;15:293-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10339635?tool=bestpractice.com[201]Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861-874, vi-vii.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890116?tool=bestpractice.com一定要谨慎使用,因为长期服用甲硝唑可引起神经病变。
如果氢呼吸试验正常,或者患者对经验用药或广谱抗生素效果不佳,可尝试考来烯胺来螯合胆盐。
一个只有一名患者的病例报告显示,奥曲肽可有效治疗糖尿病性腹泻。[218]Tsai ST, Vinik AI, Brunner JF. Diabetic diarrhea and somatostatin. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:894.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2871790?tool=bestpractice.com在健康志愿者中,奥曲肽可改善胃、小肠和结肠通过以及结肠动力和张力。[219]von der Ohe MR, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, et al. Differential regional effects of octreotide on human gastrointestinal motor function. Gut. 1995;36:743-748.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382680/pdf/gut00523-0117.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7797125?tool=bestpractice.com当其他方法失败时,可考虑使用奥曲肽治疗糖尿病性腹泻。
糖尿病性膀胱功能障碍治疗
氨甲酰甲胆碱(一种拟副交感神经药)可能会有所帮助。膀胱训练,如定时排尿,尤其适用于急迫性尿失禁。也可以使用 Crede 手法治疗。当膀胱无力、弛缓时,这种方法可帮助排空膀胱。患者用一只手以平稳、均匀的方式从脐沿腹部向下推至膀胱处。[88]Kempler P, Amarenco G, Freeman R, et al; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Management strategies for gastrointestinal, erectile, bladder, and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:665-677.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1223/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21748841?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病性勃起功能障碍治疗
勃起功能障碍的一线治疗是磷酸二酯酶-5 (PDE-5) 抑制剂。[220]Phé V, Rouprêt M. Erectile dysfunction and diabetes: a review of the current evidence-based medicine and a synthesis of the main available therapies. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38:1-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056307?tool=bestpractice.com有效且安全的磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂给勃起功能障碍的治疗带来了革命性的改变。西地那非和他达拉非显著改善勃起功能,一般耐受性好。[221]Rendell MS, Rajfer J, Wicker PA, et al. Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Sildenafil Diabetes Study Group. JAMA. 1999;281:421-426.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/5/421http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9952201?tool=bestpractice.com[222]Goldstein I, Kim E, Steers WD, et al. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil in men with erectile dysfunction with a high prevalence of comorbid conditions: results from MOMENTUS: multiple observations in men with erectile dysfunction in National Tadalafil Study in the US. J Sex Med. 2007;4:166-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17233782?tool=bestpractice.com但是可能会出现不良反应,其中头痛和潮红最为常见。流感样综合征、消化不良、肌痛、视觉异常及背痛可能发生,发生频率较低。
勃起功能障碍的二线治疗方案是阴茎内注射。阴茎内注射成功率高,将近 90% 的患者勃起功能恢复。[223]Virag R, Frydman D, Legman M, et al. Intracavernous injection of papaverine as a diagnostic and therapeutic method in erectile failure. Angiology. 1984;35:79-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6696289?tool=bestpractice.com[224]Spollett GR. Assessment and management of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25:65-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232182?tool=bestpractice.com
可以考虑的其他选择包括真空负压装置和阴茎假体植入术。多个病例报道描述了使用真空负压装置、刚性阴茎假体和可膨胀假体治疗勃起功能障碍。[224]Spollett GR. Assessment and management of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25:65-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232182?tool=bestpractice.com[225]Saulie BA, Campbell RK. Treating erectile dysfunction in diabetes patients. Diabetes Educ. 1997;23:29-33, 35-26, 38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9052052?tool=bestpractice.com
如果怀疑,应对性腺功能减退进行检查并在必要时给予治疗。停用加重勃起功能障碍的药物、治疗相关共病和调整生活方式对所有患者来说都是必要的。
由于勃起功能障碍与糖尿病会对男性自尊产生负面影响,并与抑郁症和焦虑症有关,对患者进行心理评估和适当治疗也可能是有帮助的。