在绝大多数情况下,急性高山病、高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿可通过在海拔高于2500m(8202英尺)后缓慢上升加以预防。对于容易出现急性高山病(AMS)或打算快速上升的患者,可以预防性地服用乙酰唑胺急性高山病(AMS)的预防:有中等质量的证据表明,乙酰唑胺相比安慰剂组可降低急性高山病的发病率。[35]Basnyat B, Gertsch JH, Holck PS, et al. Acetazolamide 125mg BD is not significantly different from 37mg BD in the prevention of acute mountain sickness: the prophylactic acetazolamide dosage comparison for efficacy (PACE) TRIAL. High Alt Med Biol Spr. 2006;7:17-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16544963?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Dumont L, Mardirosoff C, Tramèr MR. Efficacy and harm of pharmacological prevention of acute mountain sickness: quantitative systematic review. BMJ. 2000;321:267-272.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27441/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10915127?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。或地塞米松。急性高山病的预防:有质量差的证据表明,地塞米松相比安慰剂能更有效地预防急性高山病。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。虽然这两种药物都已经被证明可有效地防止急性高山病,但应优先选用乙酰唑胺,因为地塞米松的副作用较大。[15]Bärtsch P, Bailey DM, Berger MM, Knauth M, et al. Acute mountain sickness: controversies and advances. High Alt Med Biol. 2004;5:110-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265333?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Barry PW, Pollard AJ. Altitude illness. BMJ. 2003;326:915-919.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1125825/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714473?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Basnyat B, Subedi D, Sleggs J, et al. Disoriented and ataxic pilgrims: an epidemiological study of acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral edema at a sacred lake at 4300m in the Nepal Himalayas. Wilderness Environ Med. 2000;11:89-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10921358?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Rock PB, Johnson TS, Larsen RF, et al. Dexamethasone as prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness. Effects of dose level. Chest. 1989;95:568-573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2920585?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Subedi BH, Pokharel J, Goodman TL, et al. Complications of steroid use on Mt. Everest. Wilderness Environ Med. 2010;21:345-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168788?tool=bestpractice.com常规剂量的乙酰唑胺已被证明是有效的;[65]Low EV, Avery AJ, Gupta V, et al. Identifying the lowest effective dose of acetazolamide for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e6779.http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e6779http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23081689?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Ritchie ND, Baggott AV, Andrew Todd WT. Acetazolamide for the prevention of acute mountain sickness - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med. 2012;19:298-307.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00629.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22943270?tool=bestpractice.com但是,更高的剂量会产生副作用,如感觉异常,通常出现于手部和脚部。[67]Seupaul RA, Welch JL, Malka ST, et al. Pharmacologic prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: a systematic shortcut review. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59:307-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22153998?tool=bestpractice.com
预防剂如硝苯地平、他达拉非、地塞米松和沙美特罗都已被证实可减少有既往病史个体(存在影像记录的)的高原肺水肿发病率。[68]Ferrazzini G, Maggiorini M, Kriemler S, et al. Successful treatment of acute mountain sickness with dexamethasone. BMJ. 1987;294:1381-1383.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1246548/pdf/bmjcred00022-0016.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3109663?tool=bestpractice.com但是目前应优先选用硝苯地平,因为它的有效性和安全性都得到很好的了解。[28]Luks AM, McIntosh SE, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute altitude illness: 2014 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2014;25(suppl):S4-S14.http://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032%2814%2900257-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498261?tool=bestpractice.com这些药剂的联合使用尚未进行研究。没有证据支持使用预防药物预防高原脑水肿。
高原病患者应采取停止活动、休息、治疗和降低高度的方法。这要求一旦症状出现即停止活动并休息,一旦确诊应鼓励患者进行治疗,必要时应降低高度。急性高山病患者可在症状缓解后继续上升,建议在继续上升之前采用药物预防。在症状持续存在的情况下,不得试图进一步上升或重新上升到先前达到的高度。[28]Luks AM, McIntosh SE, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute altitude illness: 2014 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2014;25(suppl):S4-S14.http://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032%2814%2900257-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498261?tool=bestpractice.com
如遇有诊断不确定的情况,仍应采取停止活动、休息、治疗和降低高度的方法。在这些情况下,应根据症状的性质劝告患者休息或降低高度。
高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿医疗治疗的有效性通常较为有限,只能减缓病情的发作。因此快速下降是在这些条件下的唯一可靠的治疗选择。
高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿患者应尽可能在医院环境中进行治疗。
急性高山病(AMS)
头痛使用流体和简单的止痛药(如对乙酰氨基酚)进行治疗。非类固醇消炎药(NSAID),例如阿司匹林,应在高海拔地区谨慎使用,因为有研究证据显示存在高海拔GI出血的显著风险。[69]Wu TY, Ding SQ, Liu JL, et al. High-altitude gastrointestinal bleeding: an observation in Qinghai-Tibetan railroad construction workers on Mountain Tanggula. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:774-780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278202?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Burtscher M, Likar R, Nachbauer W, et al. Aspirin for prophylaxis against headache at high altitudes: randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 1998;316:1057-1058.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28508/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9552906?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者主诉恶心和呕吐,可使用止吐药。
如果患者难以休息和对症治疗难以奏效,可使用乙酰唑胺和地塞米松治疗;然而,这些疗法需要几个小时才能发挥作用,并且可能在初始阶段恶化症状。[71]Grissom CK, Roach RC, Samquist FH, et al. Acetazolamide in the treatment of acute mountain sickness: clinical efficacy and effect on gas exchange. Ann Intern Med. 1992;16:461-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1739236?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Ferrazzini G, Maggiorini M, Kriemler S, et al. Successful treatment of acute mountain sickness with dexamethasone. BMJ. 1987;294:1381-1383.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1246548/pdf/bmjcred00022-0016.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3109663?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Wright AD, Winterborn MH, Forster PJ, et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in the immediate therapy of acute mountain sickness. J Wilderness Med. 1994;5:49-55.
睡眠障碍可以使用乙酰唑胺或催眠治疗。
高原肺水肿(HAPE)
治疗的主要方法是下降到一个较低的高度。当下降延迟时,可使用补充供氧或便携式高压舱模拟下降。患者应保持温暖,如果出现脱水,应根据其总体身体状况,选择适当的液体类型、补液途径和补液容量进行补液,并避免补液过量。
钙通道阻滞剂硝苯地平可抑制缺氧性肺血管收缩,降低肺动脉压。[1]Roach RC, Bärtsch P, Oelz O, et al; Lake Louise Consensus Committee. The Lake Louise acute mountain sickness scoring system. In: Sutton JR, Houston CS, Coates G, eds. Hypoxia and molecular medicine. Burlington, VT: Charles S. Houston, 1993:272-274.[2]Wright AD, Brearley SP, Imray CH. High hopes at high altitudes: pharmacotherapy for acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral and pulmonary oedema. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076343?tool=bestpractice.com因此,它可以在高原肺水肿的预防和治疗中均可使用。[47]Fagenholz PJ, Gutman JA, Murray AF, et al. Treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema at 4240 m in Nepal. High Alt Med Biol. 2007;8:139-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17584008?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Dumont L, Mardirosoff C, Tramèr MR. Efficacy and harm of pharmacological prevention of acute mountain sickness: quantitative systematic review. BMJ. 2000;321:267-272.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27441/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10915127?tool=bestpractice.com其他药剂如他达拉非、地塞米松和沙美特罗只被证明对预防有效。
高原脑水肿(HACE)
治疗的主要方法是使用使用补充供氧或便携式高压舱模拟下降。在高原脑水肿的治疗中,地塞米松通常可改善临床情况,并使水肿疏散更加容易。虽然该治疗的持续时间尚不明确,一旦地塞米松的疗程已经开始则应继续进行,直至患者已经达到较低的高度。[2]Wright AD, Brearley SP, Imray CH. High hopes at high altitudes: pharmacotherapy for acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral and pulmonary oedema. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076343?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hackett PH, Roach RC. High altitude cerebral oedema. High Alt Med Biol. 2004;5:136-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265335?tool=bestpractice.com