为了预防急性心力衰竭,应考虑积极控制和治疗危险因素:使用阿司匹林、β 受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物和血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂治疗冠状动脉病变。
优化高血压治疗、戒烟及控制血脂可为冠状动脉病变患者带来显著益处。
高血压的最佳控制可能需要使用一种以上的降压药物。
对于左心室射血分数 (LVEF) 降低的无症状患者,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI) 具有心脏保护作用并可以减少 LVEF 进一步下降。[20]Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau MF, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators. Circulation. 1993 Nov;88(5 Pt 1):2277-83.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/88/5/2277.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8222122?tool=bestpractice.com β受体阻滞剂也可以用于此类患者。
对于所有的糖尿病患者,不论左心室功能不全程度如何,当存在其他心血管危险因素时,除代谢控制外,还需要积极的控制血脂和血压(目标<135/80 mmHg),并给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗。[21]Snow V, Aronson MD, Hornbake ER, et al. Lipid control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Apr 20;140(8):644-9.http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/140/8/644http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15096336?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al; the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 20;342(3):145-53.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200001203420301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10639539?tool=bestpractice.com
对已有左心室功能不全的患者,应限制饮酒并避免摄取过多的盐分和液体。[23]Heart Failure Society of America. Executive summary: HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline. J Card Fail. 2010 Jun;16(6):e1-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20610207?tool=bestpractice.com
如果可能,应避免使用可能导致或加重心力衰竭的药物。[24]Page RL, O'Bryant CL, Cheng D, et al. Drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Aug 9;134(6):e32-69.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/134/6/e32.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27400984?tool=bestpractice.com