初治的主要目标是通过减少胰腺分泌刺激和积液,处理电解质异常,预防重症胰腺炎并发症。当患者出现恶心、呕吐和腹痛症状时,应首先对患者进行液体复苏,并禁食。[5]Way LW, Doherty GM. Chapter 27: Pancreas. In: Current surgical diagnosis & treatment. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
诊断时,继续给予支持性治疗,直到疼痛消退,且重新开始进食。大多数患者的病情将在 3~7 日的保守治疗后改善。伴器官衰竭或预后不良(格拉斯哥评分大于 3,急性生理及慢性健康状况 II 评分大于 8 和 Ranson 评分大于 3)的患者须转入重症监护病房进行治疗。[7]Kingsnorth A, O'Reilly D. Acute pancreatitis. BMJ. 2006;332:1072-1076.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675814?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Darvas K, Futo J, Okros I, et al. Principles of intensive care in severe acute pancreatitis in 2008 [in Hungarian]. Orvosi Hetilap. 2008;149:2211-2220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004743?tool=bestpractice.com
初始液体复苏
即使在作出诊断之前,就应使用静脉 (IV) 输液复苏、镇痛药和止吐剂进行初步治疗。
使用晶体液(建议使用乳酸林格液)进行补液至关重要,应尽力确保每小时尿排出量高于 30 mL,以避免可能的肾损伤。积极液体复苏(例如以 3mL/kg/小时的连续输注速率,输入 1 L的晶体液)在治疗的前 24 小时非常重要。[59]Trikudanathan G, Navaneethan U, Vege SS. Current controversies in fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreas. 2012;41:827-834.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22781906?tool=bestpractice.com重症急性胰腺炎患者应插尿管,以监测患者的尿量。充分补液是药物治疗最重要的环节。[1]Nirula R. Chapter 9: Diseases of the pancreas. High yield surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.[5]Way LW, Doherty GM. Chapter 27: Pancreas. In: Current surgical diagnosis & treatment. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003.[58]Darvas K, Futo J, Okros I, et al. Principles of intensive care in severe acute pancreatitis in 2008 [in Hungarian]. Orvosi Hetilap. 2008;149:2211-2220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004743?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Curtis CS, Kudsk KA. Nutrition support in pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87:1403-1415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053838?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Thomson A. Nutritional support in acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:261-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403922?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Marik PE. What is the best way to feed patients with pancreatitis? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15:131-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19300086?tool=bestpractice.com
疼痛存在时,止痛是非常重要的,最常用的药物是阿片类药物,此药可以缓解疼痛,且危险度极低,[63]Meng W, Yuan J, Zhang C, et al. Parenteral analgesics for pain relief in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology. 2013;13:201-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719588?tool=bestpractice.com无需多模式治疗。[64]Basurto Ona X, Rigau Comas D, Urrútia G. Opioids for acute pancreatitis pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(7):CD009179.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009179.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888429?tool=bestpractice.com可以使用芬太尼或吗啡,以缓解暴发性疼痛或作为患者自控镇痛术 (PCA)。酮咯酸是一种非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID),肾功能正常的患者可使用。 [
]How do opioids compare with non-opioid analgesics for the management of acute pancreatitis pain?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.515/full显示答案
由于患者可能血氧低,需要辅助供氧,因此监测动脉氧合显得尤为重要。初始治疗期间,建议在前 3 日每隔 12 小时检测动脉血气,以评估氧合作用和酸碱状态。[5]Way LW, Doherty GM. Chapter 27: Pancreas. In: Current surgical diagnosis & treatment. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003.高血糖的密切监测和治疗应遵循其他危重患者的强化治疗模式。[65]Li J, Chen TR, Gong HL, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. West Indian Med J. 2012;61:574-579.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23441350?tool=bestpractice.com
重症胰腺炎
对于重症胰腺炎病例,应识别低钙血症,并进行相应治疗,因为其可能导致心律失常。如果确定水平低(通常可见于嗜酒患者),应同时补充镁。
给予血糖控制和胰岛素治疗,以保持葡萄糖水平低于 8.33mmol/L (<150 mg/dL) ,这已被证实与危重患者发病率和死亡率下降相关。难治性高血糖患者应动态按量注射胰岛素、或输注胰岛素或应用长效胰岛素。[66]Webster PD, Spainhour JB. Pathophysiology and management of acute pancreatitis. Hosp Pract. 1974;9:59-66.[67]Petrov MS, Zagainov V. Influence of enteral versus parenteral nutrition on blood glucose control in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2007;26:514-523.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17559987?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 Cochrane 系统评价发现,有极低质量证据表明,在支持性治疗的基础上进行药物干预(例如抗生素、抗氧化剂、抑肽酶、降钙素、西咪替丁、依地酸二钠、胰高血糖素、奥曲肽、益生菌以及活化蛋白 C)不能降低短期(3 个月)死亡率。[68]Moggia E, Koti R, Belgaumkar AP, et al. Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(4):CD011384.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011384.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28431202?tool=bestpractice.com有证据表明一些治疗可能对特定的临床结局有益,但结果不具有一致性。作者提醒,meta 分析中涉及的试验规模较小,而且存在未知或很高的偏倚风险。
是否使用抗生素治疗非感染性胰腺炎在过去 10 年一直争议不断,但是由于没有明确的获益证据,因此抗生素疗法并非当前的常规治疗方法。[69]Jafri NS, Mahid SS, Idstein SR, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not protective in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2009;197:806-813.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217608?tool=bestpractice.com尚无研究证明预防性抗生素治疗可以对死亡率、胰腺外感染或外科手术治疗产生影响。[70]Yao L, Huang X, Li Y, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics reduce pancreatic necrosis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Dig Surg. 2010;27:442-449.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/318780http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071945?tool=bestpractice.com一项 meta 分析表明,接受抗生素治疗和接受安慰剂治疗的重症急性胰腺炎患者的死亡率无差异。[71]Jiang K, Huang W, Yang XN, et al. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:279-284.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i3/279.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294832?tool=bestpractice.com其他 meta 分析显示,接受抗生素治疗在降低患者发病率、感染性胰腺坏死或非胰腺感染发生率或手术治疗需求方面无差异。[72]Rao CY, Hu CL, Zhao XY. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in the management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. World Chinese J Digestology. 2012;20:1246-1251.[73]Wang YP, Li DB, Dong CL, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Chinese J Evid Med. 2012;12:477-483. 然而,由于这些研究是小样本研究,因此需要进一步研究,以确定抗生素在治疗重症胰腺炎方面的有效性。一些研究显示,抗生素在治疗重度坏死性胰腺炎方面具有一定的效益;[74]Delcenserie R, Yzet T, Ducroix JP. Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1996;13:198-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8829189?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD002941.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002941.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464721?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Dambrauskas Z, Gulbinas A, Pundzius J, et al. Meta-analysis of prophylactic parenteral antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;43:291-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485956?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Hart PA, Bechtold ML, Marshall JB, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. South Med J. 2008;101:1126-1131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088522?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Hirota M, Takada T, Kitamura N, et al. JPN Guidelines 2010. Fundamental and intensive care of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:45-52.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00534-009-0210-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012652?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Lancet. 1995;346:663-667.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658819?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,应仅限体征、症状和实验室检验结果表明感染存在(如发热、白细胞增多、器官衰竭和培养结果阳性)的患者给予抗生素治疗。[80]Segarra-Newnham M, Hough A. Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis revisited. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1486-1495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690227?tool=bestpractice.com
坏死组织清除术的主要适应症是重度坏死性胰腺炎导致的感染。生长抑素类似物可以减少围手术期并发症,特别是胰腺瘘的发病率,但不会降低围手术期死亡率。[81]Chathadi KV, Chandrasekhara V, Acosta RD, et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. The role of ERCP in benign diseases of the biliary tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81:795-803.http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(14)02433-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25665931?tool=bestpractice.com
在过去十年间,胰腺及胰腺周围积液的管理不断发展。需要干预的胰腺积液指征包括:[37]Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013;13(suppl 2):e1-e15.http://www.pancreatology.net/article/S1424-3903%2813%2900525-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054878?tool=bestpractice.com[82]van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1491-1502.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908821#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410514?tool=bestpractice.com
部分积液会在无干预的情况下被重吸收。可能会观察到无症状的持续性积液。
干预的总体目标包括:
胰腺及胰腺周围积液具有异质性。干预方案的选择和进展取决于个体患者的生理状况以及积液的解剖位置。干预可通过以下途径:经胃/经肠(内镜下或手术)、经皮、开放性手术,结合应用这些途径也比较常见。
通常很多患者适合“渐进”方案,先从经皮引流开始。多达 30% 的患者可以单独通过经皮引流得到根治。[37]Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013;13(suppl 2):e1-e15.http://www.pancreatology.net/article/S1424-3903%2813%2900525-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054878?tool=bestpractice.com[82]van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1491-1502.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908821#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410514?tool=bestpractice.com在经验丰富、经治患者众多的胰腺病治疗中心,内镜清创术可作为经慎重选择患者的初始治疗方案。
对于经皮引流无效的患者,可能需要采用“渐进”方案,实施规模更大或不同方式的经皮引流(例如腔道内镜引流)、“窦道”坏死组织清除术或手术坏死组织清除术。方案实施的时机以及选择需要咨询专科医生。
营养
对于轻度胰腺炎患者,可以在腹痛消退后立即开始给予肠内营养,但对于重症胰腺炎患者,需要在一段时间内禁止经口进食、进饮,直到复苏完成(通常是在胰腺炎发作后的最初 24-48 小时内)。[83]Chen SM, Xiong GS, Wu SM. A meta-analysis on the timing of parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis [in Chinese]. Chin J Clin Nutr. 2012;6:363-368.[84]Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1400-1415;1416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896955?tool=bestpractice.com必须重视这点,因为过早恢复进食可能会导致疾病恶化。[85]Petrov MS, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Oral refeeding after onset of acute pancreatitis: a review of literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2079-2084.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573797?tool=bestpractice.com
在无法经口进食的患者中,应放置营养管(经幽门空肠鼻饲管 -尽管许多患者可以耐受胃内喂养,但首选超过Vater壶腹)。[86]Feng SF, Tang SH, Zhang XJ. Tolerance and efficacy of nasogastric enteral nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis [in Chinese]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army. 2013;38:141-146.http://www.plamj.org/index.php/plamj/article/view/652/0[87]Li JY, Yu T, Chen GC, et al. Enteral nutrition within 48 hours of admission improves clinical outcomes of acute pancreatitis by reducing complications: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e64926.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0064926http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23762266?tool=bestpractice.com 这允许给予肠内营养治疗,且不会刺激胰腺分泌。如果患者能忍受,可以置入鼻胃管。[88]Eatock FC, Chong P, Menezes N, et al. A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:432-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15667504?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Kumar A, Singh N, Prakash S, et al. Early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing nasojejunal and nasogastric routes. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:431-434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721226?tool=bestpractice.com 肠内营养可降低并发症发生率和死亡率。[90]Yi F, Ge L, Zhao J, et al. Meta-analysis: total parenteral nutrition versus total enteral nutrition in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Intern Med. 2012;51:523-530.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/51/6/51_6_523/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449657?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Zuo YY, Kang Y. Total enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition for patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Chinese J Evid Med. 2011;11:1295-1301.
针对 11 项随机研究的一项系统评价发现,有限的证据表明,与延期喂养相比,早期喂养(住院治疗后≤ 48 小时;研究评估了经口、经鼻胃以及经鼻空肠喂养的途径)不会增加不良事件的风险。[92]Vaughn VM, Shuster D, Rogers MAM, et al. Early versus delayed feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:883-892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505667?tool=bestpractice.com对于轻度至中度胰腺炎患者,早期喂养可以缩短住院时长。[92]Vaughn VM, Shuster D, Rogers MAM, et al. Early versus delayed feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:883-892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505667?tool=bestpractice.com
对于无法耐受肠道喂养或者无法在 2-4 日内接受充分输注的患者,应给予肠外营养治疗。与肠外营养相比,肠内营养预后更佳,死亡率更低,且血糖控制效果更好。肠内营养治疗还能预防肠道萎缩,保护肠道屏障,从而减少脓毒症和感染性并发症的发生。一项随机试验表明,对于急性胰腺炎患者,72 小时后经口进食在降低感染率或死亡率方面与早期经鼻肠管喂养的效果相同。[93]Bakker OJ, van Brunschot S, van Santvoort HC, et al. Early versus on-demand nasoenteric tube feeding in acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1983-1993.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1404393#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409371?tool=bestpractice.com没有任何特定的肠内营养配方经证明比另一种配方对急性胰腺炎患者的治疗效果更好。[94]Poropat G, Giljaca V, Hauser G, et al. Enteral nutrition formulations for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD010605.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010605.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803695?tool=bestpractice.com
对重症急性胰腺炎的营养要求如下:每日补充 25~35kcal/kg 能量、1.2~1.5g/kg 蛋白质、3~6g/kg 碳水化合物和 2g/kg 脂肪。[95]Mirtallo JM, Forbes A, McClave SA, et al. International consensus guidelines for nutrition therapy in pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36:284-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22457421?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Meier R, Beglinger C, Layer P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in acute pancreatitis. European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2002;21:173-183.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056792?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Gianotti L, Meier R, Lobo DN, et al; ESPEN. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:428-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464771?tool=bestpractice.com
酒精性胰腺炎
酒精性胰腺炎患者可能需要接受酒精戒断预防治疗。此患者群通常给予劳拉西泮、硫胺、叶酸和复合维生素治疗。
胆石性胰腺炎
内镜超声是一种评估是否存在胆总管结石的准确检查方法,然而,在重症急性胰腺炎患者中,由于存在十二指肠畸形,实施起来有技术难度。在由超声检查诊断为急性胆石性胰腺炎的患者中,必需进行胆总管影像学检查。如果确认胆总管内有结石,应在住院期间同期进行胆囊切除术和胆总管探查术(手术或术后实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影术[ERCP])。[84]Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1400-1415;1416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896955?tool=bestpractice.com[98]van Geenen EJ, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Lack of consensus on the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in acute biliary pancreatitis in published meta-analyses and guidelines: a systematic review. Pancreas. 2013;42:774-780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23774699?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography compare with early conservative management in people with acute gallstone pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.867/full显示答案 较长期的延迟治疗(即使仅数周)可能导致很高的急性胰腺炎复发率 (80%) 以及再次入院率。[99]Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, et al; International Association of Pancreatology. IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2002;2:565-573.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/71269http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12435871?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Wilson CT, de Moya MA. Cholecystectomy for acute gallstone pancreatitis: early vs delayed approach. Scand J Surg. 2010;99:81-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679042?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Kimura Y, Arata S, Takada T, et al. JPN Guidelines 2010. Gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:60-69.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00534-009-0217-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012326?tool=bestpractice.com[102]van Baal MC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2012;255:860-866.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470079?tool=bestpractice.com[103]da Costa DW, Bouwense SA, Schepers NJ, et al. Same-admission versus interval cholecystectomy for mild gallstone pancreatitis (PONCHO): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:1261-1268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26460661?tool=bestpractice.com
如果是重症胰腺炎,则在进行胆囊切除术之前,允许先控制炎症。[104]Gurusamy KS, Nagendran M, Davidson BR. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute gallstone pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD010326.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010326.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996398?tool=bestpractice.com对于重症/坏死性急性胰腺炎患者,应延迟实施胆囊切除术。
对于胆汁性急性胰腺炎患者,不常规使用 ERCP,但对于有胆管炎或者在给予最大支持治疗后的最初 48 小时内病情加重的胆汁性急性胰腺炎患者,应在病程早期实施该检查,因为这些患者可能有胆总管结石嵌塞。此外,对于不适合接受全身麻醉/手术的患者,也可以将 ERCP 联合括约肌切开术作为急性胰腺炎的“确定性”治疗方案。以此方式治疗的胰腺炎患者的复发率为 3%。对于无胆总管梗阻(无胆管炎)的轻度或重症胆石性胰腺炎患者,不需要进行 ERCP。[45]Fogel EL, Sherman S. ERCP for gallstone pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:150-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401052?tool=bestpractice.com
剖腹手术发现的胰腺炎
实施开腹探查手术以明确诊断时,如发现患有轻度至中度胰腺炎,应实施胆囊切除术和术中胆管造影,但无需处理胰腺。对于重症胰腺炎,应打开网膜囊,全面检查胰腺。一些外科医生会在胰腺周围放置引流管和灌洗导管。[5]Way LW, Doherty GM. Chapter 27: Pancreas. In: Current surgical diagnosis & treatment. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003.