最重要的预防措施是患者健康宣教。进食营养均衡的低脂肪食物、维持足效的甘油三酯控制以及减少饮酒量(最好滴酒不沾)是一些饮食和行为措施,可能降低急性胰腺炎的发病率。目前的数据表明吸烟与复发性急性胰腺炎之间存在很大关联。因此,应极力鼓励患者维持完全戒烟(以及戒除其他烟草使用)。
使用现有的任何手段(例如胆囊切除术、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术 [ERCP]、熊去氧胆酸)对胆石病进行有效治疗,均可降低胆管梗阻发生风险,从而降低胰腺炎患病风险。在高甘油三酯血症患者中,他汀类药物已被证实可以减少胰腺炎患病风险。[119]Preiss D, Tikkanen MJ, Welsh P, et al. Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:804-811.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352090http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22910758?tool=bestpractice.com其他危险因素可以通过患者宣教和药物剂量调整进行控制。[26]Andriulli A, Leandro G, Niro G, et al. Pharmacologic treatment can prevent pancreatic injury after ERCP: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10625786?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Venneman NG, van Erpecum KJ. Gallstone disease: primary and secondary prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:1063-1073.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127188?tool=bestpractice.com益生菌、抗氧化剂和免疫营养对预防急性胰腺炎没有作用。[121]Petrov MS, Loveday BP, Pylypchuk RD, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteral nutrition formulations in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96:1243-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847860?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Al Samaraee A, McCallum IJ, Coyne PE, et al. Nutritional strategies in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the evidence. Surgeon. 2010;8:105-110.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303893?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Zhang MM, Cheng JQ, Lu YR, et al. Use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in patients with acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:3970-3978.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712060?tool=bestpractice.com
若干研究已论述了药物治疗的使用(例如,奥曲肽等生长抑素类似物、加贝酯、乌司他丁)、[124]Guo Q, Hu W-M. Prophylactic use of ulinastatin against post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: A systematic review. World Chin J Digestology. 2009;34:3561-3567.[125]Omata F, Deshpande G, Tokuda Y, et al. Meta-analysis: somatostatin or its long-acting analogue, octreotide, for prophylaxis against post-ERCP pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:885-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373114?tool=bestpractice.com适当的患者选择和放置支架等方法,可以预防胰腺损伤。[126]Choi CW, Kang DH, Kim GH, et al. Nafamostat mesylate in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis and risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:e11-e18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19327467?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Lee KT, Lee DH, Yoo BM. The prophylactic effect of somatostatin on post-therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a randomized, multicenter controlled trial. Pancreas. 2008;37:445-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953260?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Nojgaard C, Hornum M, Elkjaer M, et al. Does glyceryl nitrate prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis? A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:e31-e37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19410035?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Sherman S, Alazmi WM, Lehman GA. Evaluation of recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase for reducing the incidence and severity of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:462-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19231487?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Sherman S, Cheng CL, Costamagna G, et al. Efficacy of recombinant human interleukin-10 in prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in subjects with increased risk. Pancreas. 2009;38:267-274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19214137?tool=bestpractice.com[131]van Westerloo DJ, Rauws EA, Hommes D, et al. Pre-ERCP infusion of semapimod, a mitogen-activated protein kinases inhibitor, lowers post-ERCP hyperamylasemia but not pancreatitis incidence. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:246-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18455169?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Yoo JW, Ryu JK, Lee SH, et al. Preventive effects of ulinastatin on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in high-risk patients: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pancreas. 2008;37:366-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953247?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Bai Y, Gao J, Zhang W, et al. Meta-analysis: allopurinol in the prevention of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:557-564.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714440?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, et al. Prophylactic octreotide administration does not prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pancreas. 2008;37:241-246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815543?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Dai HF, Wang XW, Zhao K. Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009;8:11-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208508?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Elmunzer BJ, Waljee AK, Elta GH, et al. A meta-analysis of rectal NSAIDs in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gut. 2008;57:1262-1267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375470?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Zheng MH, Bai JL, Meng BM, et al. Gabexate mesylate in the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2008;69:288-304.一些研究表明,生长抑素类似物在预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影诱导的胰腺炎方面的效果优于加贝酯(一种丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂),但是两项 meta 分析得出的结论却并不相同。[138]Andriulli A, Clemente R, Solmi L, et al. Gabexate or somatostatin administration before ERCP in patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:488-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12297762?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Zheng M, Chen Y, Yang X, et al. Gabexate in the prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:6.http://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-7-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295917?tool=bestpractice.comMeta 分析已经证明乌司他丁(一种尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂)可以预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影诱导的胰腺炎。但还需要进一步的研究,以确定哪种药剂在预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诱导的胰腺炎方面最有效。[140]Zhang ZF, Yang N, Zhao G, et al. Preventive effect of ulinastatin and gabexate mesylate on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Chin Med J. 2010;123:2600-2606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034635?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Chen S, Shi H, Zou X, et al. Role of ulinastatin in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: the Emperor's New Clothes or Aladdin's Magic Lamp? Pancreas. 2010;39:1231-1237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531245?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1414-1422.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494121?tool=bestpractice.com加贝酯和乌司他丁并非在所有国家/地区都可以市售。已经表明,吲哚美辛是一种有效的药物,可以降低 ERCP 后胰腺炎发生率。放置支架是实践经验丰富的内镜医师的治疗选择,但是胆道入路的操作(而非患者表现或内镜医师的经验)是引起内镜逆行胰胆管造影诱导的胰腺炎的主要因素。[26]Andriulli A, Leandro G, Niro G, et al. Pharmacologic treatment can prevent pancreatic injury after ERCP: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10625786?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Andriulli A, Caruso N, Quitadamo M, et al. Antisecretory vs. antiproteasic drugs in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: the evidence-based medicine derived from a meta-analysis study. JOP. 2003;4:41-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12555015?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Singh P, Das A, Isenberg G, et al. Does prophylactic pancreatic stent placement reduce the risk of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:544-550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472676?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Mariani A, Giussani A, Di Leo M, et al. Guidewire biliary cannulation does not reduce post-ERCP pancreatitis compared with the contrast injection technique in low-risk and high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:339-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075192?tool=bestpractice.com与标准造影注射导管插入技术相比,内镜逆行胰胆管造影术期间使用导丝胆管插管技术已被证明可以降低内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的发病率。[144]Cennamo V, Fuccio L, Zagari RM, et al. Can a wire-guided cannulation technique increase bile duct cannulation rate and prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2343-2350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19532133?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Cheung J, Tsoi KK, Quan WL, et al. Guidewire versus conventional contrast cannulation of the common bile duct for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:1211-1219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962504?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Tse F, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P, et al. Guidewire-assisted cannulation of the common bile duct for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD009662.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009662.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235679?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Can the pancreatic duct guidewire technique for biliary cannulation help to prevent ERCP pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1403/full显示答案
应考虑对特发性慢性胰腺炎、复发性急性胰腺炎或具有胰腺炎家族史的患者进行基因检测,尤其是涉及胰腺癌的情况下。引发胰腺炎的基因突变的临床相关性和治疗结果仍有争议,当特发性胰腺炎患者的诊断年龄低于 25 岁,或者一名或多名家庭成员患有胰腺炎或胰腺癌时,建议进行基因检测。仅应在经过充分的遗传咨询之后,对无症状性家庭成员进行基因分析,但是不建议进行产前诊断。[147]Simon P, Weiss FU, Mayerle J, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis [in German]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 2006;95:1623-1626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17111846?tool=bestpractice.com