在正常妊娠期间,胰岛素抵抗增加。在大多数妊娠中,胰腺 β 细胞能够代偿人体对胰岛素需求的增加,从而维持正常血糖。但发生妊娠糖尿病的妇女,由于 β 细胞应答缺陷,导致胰岛素分泌不足,难以代偿胰岛素需求的增加。下列因素可增加风险:
年龄:因为胰腺 β 细胞储备功能降低与年龄相关[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.
肥胖:导致胰岛素抵抗增加,妊娠可进一步加重胰岛素抵抗[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.[8]Egan AM, Vellinga A, Harreiter J, et al; DALI Core Investigator group. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe. Diabetologia. 2017 Oct;60(10):1913-21.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-017-4353-9
吸烟:可增加胰岛素抵抗和减少胰岛素分泌[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.[9]Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64.
多囊卵巢综合征:与胰岛素抵抗和肥胖相关[10]Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Escobar GJ, et al. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1915-7.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1915.full[11]Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):685-97.
非白人血统[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.[9]Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64.[12]Cossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2590-4.
2 型糖尿病家族史[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.
低纤维和高血糖指数饮食[13]Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, et al. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;77(3):622-9.[14]Zhang C, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006 Oct;29(10):2223-30.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/10/2223.full
年轻成人体重增加:与风险相关[7]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.
缺乏体育运动:锻炼可增加胰岛素敏感性,可能影响体重[15]Weissgerber TL, Wolfe LA, Davies GA, et al. Exercise in the prevention and treatment of maternal-fetal disease: a review of the literature. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Dec;31(6):661-74.[16]Zhang C, Solomon CG, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of pregravid physical activity and sedentary behaviors in relation to the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Mar 13;166(5):543-8.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/409910
既往妊娠糖尿病:后续妊娠中,多达 80% 有复发。[17]Kim C, Berger DK, Chamany S. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1314-9.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/5/1314.full