背景
指南和专家共识推荐,对高风险和一般风险的孕妇都实施妊娠糖尿病筛查;然而,没有在随机试验中比较不同的筛查策略。[43]Tieu J, McPhee AJ, Crowther CA, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 3;(8):CD007222.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007222.pub4/full
ADA/IADPSG 妊娠期葡萄糖耐受不良的诊断推荐
国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组 (IADPSG) 制定了妊娠早期血糖测试和解读推荐,美国糖尿病学会 (ADA) 对此表示认可。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1[31]Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/3/676.long 这些标准推荐:对于 2 型糖尿病风险增加的女性,在首次产前检查时,应使用标准诊断标准,对其进行糖尿病筛查。可使糖尿病风险增加的因素包括体重指数 (BMI) >25 kg/m²(或者在亚裔美国人中>23 kg/m²),加上一个额外的危险因素,例如糖尿病家族史、妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 个人病史、多囊卵巢综合征、非白人血统以及既往检查时空腹血糖受损或糖耐量减低。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1 HbA1c 为 38 mmol/mol 至 47 mmol/mol(5.7% 至 6.4%)的个体也被视为风险增加。有人建议,>5.8% 的临界值可发现所有显性糖尿病女性,对妊娠糖尿病也有良好的敏感度。[32]Hughes RC, Moore MP, Gullam JE, et al. An early pregnancy HbA1c ≥5.9% (41 mmol/mol) is optimal for detecting diabetes and identifies women at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Nov;37(11):2953-9.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/11/2953.long
经过确认,在妊娠早期,空腹血糖水平≥7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL) 或随机血糖水平≥11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) 的患者,应当诊断为显性糖尿病而非妊娠糖尿病。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1
妊娠糖尿病高风险患者(肥胖、GDM 个人史或前一个孩子为巨大胎儿、糖尿、2 型糖尿病家族史),也应当在首次产前就诊时接受葡萄糖耐量试验。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1
因为在实践中,很少有女性符合所有低风险标准,因此许多医生对所有女性实施妊娠糖尿病筛查。[33]US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Dec 2016 [internet publication].https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening
在孕 24 至 28 周,所有已知未患糖尿病的妇女(包括首次检查正常的高危妇女)应当接受葡萄糖耐量试验筛查。可以使用一步或两步式筛查方法。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1 IADPSG 建议一步式检测,[31]Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/3/676.long 但美国国立卫生研究院 (National Institute of Health) 和美国妇产科学院 (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, AGOG) 推荐两步法试验。[34]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin No. 180: gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jul;130(1):e17-37.[35]Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, et al. NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2013 Mar 6;29(1):1-31. 美国糖尿病学会 (ADA) 认为两种方式均有数据支持。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1
一步式方法:
两步式方法:
在妊娠早期过后,下列检查后的血糖水平提示孕妇存在妊娠糖尿病:[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 1;41 Suppl 1:S1-159.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 推荐
英国 NICE 指南建议对有下列任何一个妊娠糖尿病危险因素的女性开展筛查:[4]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Aug 2015 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
有其中任意危险因素的女性,应当检测是否存在妊娠糖尿病。在既往妊娠中曾经患过妊娠糖尿病的女性,应当为其提供早期血糖自我监测或在预约后尽快进行 2 小时 75g OGTT(无论是在妊娠早期还是中期),如果首次 OGTT 结果正常,在 24 至 28 周进一步进行 2 小时 75g OGTT。[4]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Aug 2015 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3