全球范围内,慢性胰腺炎的主要病因是饮酒(占 70%-80%),其次是特发性慢性胰腺炎[32]James O, Agnew JE, Bouchier IA. Chronic pancreatitis in England: a changing picture? Br Med J. 1974 Apr 6;2(5909):34-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1610158/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4821040?tool=bestpractice.com 和其他类型的胰腺炎。类似地,西方国家中,约 70% 的慢性胰腺炎与酒精相关,[33]Worning H. Chronic pancreatitis: pathogenesis, natural history and conservative treatment. Clin Gastroenterol. 1984 Sep;13(3):871-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6386243?tool=bestpractice.com 但是最近美国的单中心[24]Yadav D, Timmons L, Benson JT, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and survival of chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Dec;106(12):2192-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946280?tool=bestpractice.com 和多中心[34]Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jun 8;169(11):1035-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506173?tool=bestpractice.com 研究称该比例≤51%。尸检结果显示,酒精使用障碍人群的慢性胰腺炎患病率是正常人群的 45-50 倍。[35]Clark E. Pancreatitis in acute and chronic alcoholism. Am J Dig Dis. 1942;9:428. 目前尚不清楚是否有个体化的连续性酒精毒性阈值或绝对的毒性阈值,因为现有数据是相互矛盾的。[36]DiMagno MJ. Oktoberfest binge drinking and acute pancreatitis: is there really no relationship? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Nov;9(11):920-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819953?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析的观察结果发现,酒精剂量与男性患胰腺炎的风险呈线性关系,但酒精剂量与女性患胰腺炎的风险呈非线性(J 形)关系,后者可能是因为对照组中包含既往饮酒者。[37]Samokhvalov AV, Rehm J, Roerecke M. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for acute and chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and a series of meta-analyses. EBioMedicine. 2015 Nov 14;2(12):1996-2002.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703772/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26844279?tool=bestpractice.com 小样本量研究显示,每日平均酒精摄入量的对数值与慢性胰腺炎发病风险呈线性相关。[38]Durbec JP, Sarles H. Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption. Digestion. 1978;18(5-6):337-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/750261?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数慢性胰腺炎患者表示,多年来每日酒精摄入量超过 150 g,[38]Durbec JP, Sarles H. Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption. Digestion. 1978;18(5-6):337-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/750261?tool=bestpractice.com 但是每日酒精摄入量仅为 25 g 或以上时(约 2 杯),慢性胰腺炎患病风险便升高。[39]Corrao G, Bahnardi V, Zambon A, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med. 2004 May;38(5):613-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066364?tool=bestpractice.com 相反,一项大样本量多中心研究显示,只有大量摄入酒精(每日约5杯及以上)才会显著增加慢性胰腺炎的患病风险。[34]Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jun 8;169(11):1035-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506173?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,极少酗酒者发生慢性胰腺炎[40]Dufour MC, Adamson MD. The epidemiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003 Nov;27(4):286-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576488?tool=bestpractice.com (不超过 10%[40]Dufour MC, Adamson MD. The epidemiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003 Nov;27(4):286-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576488?tool=bestpractice.com 但可能<3%)[41]Yadav D, Eigenbrodt ML, Briggs MJ, et al. Pancreatitis: prevalence and risk factors among male veterans in a detoxification program. Pancreas. 2007 May;34(4):390-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446836?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lankisch PG, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. What is the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis in heavy drinkers? Pancreas. 2002 Nov;25(4):411-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409838?tool=bestpractice.com,并且与未发生慢性胰腺炎的酗酒者相比,发生慢性胰腺炎者每日酒精摄入量并无明显增加。[38]Durbec JP, Sarles H. Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption. Digestion. 1978;18(5-6):337-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/750261?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Bourliere M, Barthet M, Berthezene P, et al. Is tobacco a risk factor for chronic pancreatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis? Gut. 1991 Nov;32(11):1392-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1379175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1752475?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Stigendal L, Olsson R. Alcohol consumption pattern and serum lipids in alcoholic cirrhosis and pancreatitis: a comparative study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1984 Jul;19(5):582-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6474079?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Wilson JS, Bernstein L, McDonald C, et al. Diet and drinking habits in relation to the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. Gut. 1985 Sep;26(9):882-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1432860/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4029715?tool=bestpractice.com 上述结果表明,某些协同因素可以降低酒精毒性作用导致慢性胰腺炎的阈值。[36]DiMagno MJ. Oktoberfest binge drinking and acute pancreatitis: is there really no relationship? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Nov;9(11):920-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819953?tool=bestpractice.com[46]DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep;22(5):487-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891879?tool=bestpractice.com 这些因素包括吸烟、[47]DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep;21(5):544-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093768?tool=bestpractice.com 高脂/高蛋白饮食、[38]Durbec JP, Sarles H. Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption. Digestion. 1978;18(5-6):337-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/750261?tool=bestpractice.com 遗传易感性(例如尿苷 5'-二磷酸-葡糖苷酸转移酶基因多态性),[48]Ockenga J, Vogel A, Teich N, et al. UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A7) gene polymorphisms increase the risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jun;124(7):1802-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12806614?tool=bestpractice.com 以及可能的柯萨奇病毒感染。[49]Jerrells TR, Chapman N, Clemens DL. Animal model of alcoholic pancreatitis: role of viral infections. Pancreas. 2003 Nov;27(4):301-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576491?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Clemens DL, Jerrells TR. Ethanol consumption potentiates viral pancreatitis and may inhibit pancreas regeneration: preliminary findings. Alcohol. 2004 Jul;33(3):183-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596086?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Ostrowski SE, Reilly AA, Collins DN, et al. Progression or resolution of coxsackievirus B4-induced pancreatitis: a genomic analysis. J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(15):8229-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC446102/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254194?tool=bestpractice.com 相反,与吸烟相比,饮用咖啡可以降低酒精性慢性胰腺炎的患病风险。[52]Morton C, Klatsky AL, Udaltsova N. Smoking, coffee, and pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr;99(4):731-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15089909?tool=bestpractice.com