慢性胰腺炎的主要治疗目标为减轻胰源性腹痛和脂肪泻,纠正体重下降和营养不良,维持骨骼健康,治疗糖尿病和其他并发症,在高危人群中筛查胰腺癌,维持或提高患者生命质量。
改变生活方式
戒酒和戒烟均对患者有益。 应通过提高患者这方面常识来达到戒断目的。 然而,戒酒是否可以改善[164]Strum WJ. Abstinence in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: effect on pain and outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995 Jan;20(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884175?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Trapnell JE. Chronic relapsing pancreatitis: a review of 64 cases. Br J Surg. 1979 Jul;66(7):471-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/466039?tool=bestpractice.com 患者症状,目前尚存争议。[54]Lankisch PG, Lohr-Happe A, Otto J, et al. Natural course in chronic pancreatitis: pain, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency and prognosis of the disease. Digestion. 1993;54(3):148-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8359556?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Ammann RW, Muellhaupt B, Meyenberger C, et al. Alcoholic nonprogressive chronic pancreatitis: prospective long-term study of a large cohort with alcoholic acute pancreatitis (1976-1992). Pancreas. 1994 May;9(3):365-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8022760?tool=bestpractice.com[166]Bornman PC, Marks IN, Girdwood AH, et al. Is pancreatic duct obstruction or stricture a major cause of pain in calcific pancreatitis? Br J Surg. 1980 Jun;67(6):425-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7388340?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Strate T, Taherpour Z, Bloechle C, et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing the Beger and Frey procedures for patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2005 Apr;241(4):591-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1357062/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15798460?tool=bestpractice.com 通过对疾病自然病史的研究发现,戒酒通常无法显著减缓慢性胰腺炎的进展。[53]Ammann RW, Muellhaupt B. Progression of alcoholic acute to chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 1994 Apr;35(4):552-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1374808/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174996?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Lankisch PG, Lohr-Happe A, Otto J, et al. Natural course in chronic pancreatitis: pain, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency and prognosis of the disease. Digestion. 1993;54(3):148-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8359556?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Strum WJ. Abstinence in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: effect on pain and outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995 Jan;20(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884175?tool=bestpractice.com 病例对照研究有悖伦理。 随机对照研究结果显示医师需在6个月内反复进行心理辅导才能让患者戒酒,而单独1次心理辅导不能达到这一目的。 通过医师的反复辅导,可以有效减少酒精性胰腺炎的复发次数。[168]Nordback I, Pelli H, Lappalainen-Lehto R, et al. The recurrence of acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis can be reduced: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2009 Mar;136(3):848-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162029?tool=bestpractice.com
吸烟是急慢性胰腺炎患病的危险因素,其增加急性胰腺炎向慢性胰腺炎进展的风险,并且吸烟患者发生胰腺钙化、胰腺癌等并发症的风险也有增加,此外,吸烟还可以加速胰腺癌等并发症的发生和发展。
由于低脂饮食会加重脂溶性维生素缺乏,因此不建议通过低脂饮食来治疗脂肪泻。 只有当应用胰酶制剂(普通片或包衣片)替代治疗联合抑酸治疗后仍存在持续脂肪泻症状时,才应该减少脂肪摄入量。 脂肪摄入量应由每日100 g减至75 g, 或者将100 g脂肪分4餐摄入。 然而,由于目前数据不足,这一治疗手段的有效性尚不明确。
疼痛处理
镇痛是治疗慢性胰腺炎面临的最大挑战。美国胃肠病协会 (American Gastroenterological Association) 对慢性胰腺炎患者的镇痛治疗方法进行了技术评审,总结道,依据现有的研究数据,无法就该病的镇痛治疗给出推荐和合理的临床决策。[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com[169]American Gastroenterological Association. Medical position statement: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):763-4.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2898%2970156-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721174?tool=bestpractice.com 造成这一困境的原因是多方面的。[47]DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep;21(5):544-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093768?tool=bestpractice.com 一个重要原因是安慰剂效应对患者疗效评估的影响,安慰剂治疗对胰源性腹痛的疗效影响达40%,[170]Wilcox CM. Endoscopic therapy for pain in chronic pancreatitis: Is it time for the naysayers to throw in the towel? Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Apr;61(4):582-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812412?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Shiratori K, Takeuchi T, Satake K, et al. Clinical evaluation of oral administration of a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist (loxiglumide) to patients with acute, painful attacks of chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter dose-response study in Japan. Pancreas. 2002 Jul;25(1):e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12131781?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Toskes PP, Forsmark CE, DeMeo MT, et al. A multicenter controlled trial of octreotide for the pain of chronic pancreatitis (abstract). Pancreas. 1993;8:774.[173]Olesen SS, Bouwense SA, Wilder-Smith OH, et al. Pregabalin reduces pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2011 Aug;141(2):536-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683078?tool=bestpractice.com 合并有效率约为 20%(95% 置信区间 [CI] 9%-36%)。[174]Capurso G, Cocomello L, Benedetto U, et al. Meta-analysis: the placebo rate of abdominal pain remission in clinical trials of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2012 Oct;41(7):1125-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513290?tool=bestpractice.com
对于急性间歇性发作的腹痛,需要给予保守治疗联合充分的镇痛治疗,后者包括对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬联合曲马多。一项针对慢性胰腺炎患者镇痛治疗的随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 表明,与吗啡相比,曲马多是最佳的口服镇痛药物,并且相关胃肠道不良反应较少。[175]Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Osler W, et al. Effect of tramadol and morphine on pain and gastrointestinal motor function in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Jun;44(6):1107-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10389680?tool=bestpractice.com
当持续性腹痛首次发作或腹痛性质突然改变时,应进行相应检查来排除假性囊肿、占位、梗阻和消化性溃疡等解剖性病因。 应建议患者严格戒酒、戒烟。 如果疼痛持续不缓解,建议给予阶梯式镇痛治疗[如,轻度止痛药、曲马多、低剂量三环类抗抑郁药和加巴喷丁类药物(加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林)]。疼痛缓解:有中度等级证据表明,与吗啡相比,曲马多可以更好的改善慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛症状(用药第4天评估),并且其胃肠道不良反应更少。[175]Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Osler W, et al. Effect of tramadol and morphine on pain and gastrointestinal motor function in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Jun;44(6):1107-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10389680?tool=bestpractice.com 临床共识表明曲马多是最有效的口服阿片类似物。 受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 尽管在镇痛治疗过程中可能需要阿片类药物,然而应尽量避免通过阿片类药物镇痛,因为其可能会导致两大并发症:药物依赖和胃肠道不良反应。 胰酶也可以改善腹痛和脂肪泻症状,慢性胰腺炎患者(特别是非酒精性患者)应常规应用。 胰酶可以有效减少脂肪排泄和排便次数,从而改善脂肪吸收障碍。 抑酸治疗可以通过减少胰酶腔内失活来增强胰酶的作用。[176]Safdi M, Bekal PK, Martin S, et al. The effects of oral pancreatic enzymes (Creon 10 capsule) on steatorrhea: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial in subjects with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2006 Aug;33(2):156-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16868481?tool=bestpractice.com[177]DiMagno EP, Malagelada JR, Go VL, et al. Fate of orally ingested enzymes in pancreatic insufficiency. Comparison of two dosage schedules. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jun 9;296(23):1318-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16213?tool=bestpractice.com[178]DiMagno EP. Gastric acid suppression and treatment of severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Jun;15(3):477-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11403540?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Vecht J, Symersky T, Lamers CB, et al. Efficacy of lower than standard doses of pancreatic enzyme supplementation therapy during acid inhibition in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep;40(8):721-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940886?tool=bestpractice.com 因此质子泵抑制剂(如奥美拉唑)常与胰酶共同用于胰腺炎患者的治疗。 如果上述治疗方法效果欠佳,可试验性应用奥曲肽或抗氧化剂,然而其有效性仍存在争议。
由于胰源性疼痛可进展为自发性疼痛,因此控制中枢性疼痛是慢性胰腺炎镇痛治疗的重要组成部分。 普瑞巴林(一种可有效治疗其他原因所致的中枢神经性疼痛的加巴喷丁类似物)与安慰剂相比,可以更好地缓解慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛症状,[173]Olesen SS, Bouwense SA, Wilder-Smith OH, et al. Pregabalin reduces pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2011 Aug;141(2):536-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683078?tool=bestpractice.com[180]Gurusamy KS, Lusuku C, Davidson BR. Pregabalin for decreasing pancreatic pain in chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 2;(2):CD011522.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011522.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26836292?tool=bestpractice.com 但它尚未获准用于此类治疗。限制普瑞巴林应用的原因主要包括以下三点:与安慰剂相比,其疼痛缓解作用仅增加 12%;尚不知道加巴喷丁类药物缓解疼痛的时间能否超过 3 周;约 30% 的使用者会出现中枢神经系统不良反应(包括宿醉感、头晕等)。
奥曲肽是生长抑素的人工合成类似物,可以作用于脊髓背角发挥镇痛作用、[181]Chrubasik J, Meynadier J, Scherpereel P, et al. The effect of epidural somatostatin on postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 1985 Nov;64(11):1085-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2864884?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Madrazo I, Franco-Bourland RE, Leon-Meza VM, et al. Intraventricular somatostatin-14, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin: analgesic effect in a patient with intractable cancer pain. Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50(1-6):427-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2897190?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Ohno H, Kuraishi Y, Nanayama T, et al. Somatostatin is increased in the dorsal root ganglia of adjuvant-inflamed rat. Neurosci Res. 1990 Jul;8(3):179-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1977111?tool=bestpractice.com 抑制神经源性炎症[184]Karalis K, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, et al. Somatostatin analogues suppress the inflammatory reaction in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1994 May;93(5):2000-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC294309/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7514191?tool=bestpractice.com 和/或抑制胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 释放及胰腺分泌。[185]Creutzfeldt W, Lembcke B, Folsch UR, et al. Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) on pancreatic secretion in humans. Am J Med. 1987 May 29;82(5B):49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2884879?tool=bestpractice.com[186]Lembcke B, Creutzfeldt W, Schleser S, et al. Effect of the somatostatin analogue sandostatin (SMS 201-995) on gastrointestinal, pancreatic and biliary function and hormone release in normal men. Digestion. 1987;36(2):108-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2883060?tool=bestpractice.com[187]Williams ST, Woltering EA, O'Dorisio TM, et al. Effect of octreotide acetate on pancreatic exocrine function. Am J Surg. 1989 May;157(5):459-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2469337?tool=bestpractice.com 奥曲肽是否可以缓解[172]Toskes PP, Forsmark CE, DeMeo MT, et al. A multicenter controlled trial of octreotide for the pain of chronic pancreatitis (abstract). Pancreas. 1993;8:774.[188]Toskes PP, Forsmark CE, DeMeo MT, et al. An open-label trial of octreotide for the pain of chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:A326.[189]Loginov AS, Sadokov VM, Vinokurova LV, et al. A trial of the use of sandostatin in patients with chronic pancreatitis [in Russian]. Ter Arkh. 1995;67(7):60-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7482309?tool=bestpractice.com 疼痛[190]Uhl W, Anghelacopoulos SE, Friess H, et al. The role of octreotide and somatostatin in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Digestion. 1999;60 (Suppl 2):23-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10207228?tool=bestpractice.com[191]Malfertheiner P, Mayer D, Büchler M, et al. Treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis by inhibition of pancreatic secretion with octreotide. Gut. 1995 Mar;36(3):450-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382464/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7698708?tool=bestpractice.com[192]Lieb JG 2nd, Shuster JJ, Theriaque D, et al. A pilot study of octreotide LAR vs. octreotide tid for pain and quality of life in chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2009 Sep 4;10(5):518-22.http://www.joplink.net/prev/200909/22.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19734628?tool=bestpractice.com 目前尚不明确。 认为奥曲肽无效的研究样本量较小,研究时间短。 认为奥曲肽有效的研究依据疼痛模式将患者分为持续疼痛组(Ammann-B型)和间断疼痛组(Ammann-A型),结果显示在持续疼痛组,奥曲肽的镇痛作用明显优于安慰剂。 对于排除解剖异常等病因的腹痛患者,如果戒酒戒烟、胰酶补充剂、镇痛药及加巴喷丁类药物均无效,则可以考虑应用奥曲肽治疗。
氧化应激是慢性胰腺炎发病机制的重要假说之一。 一项精心设计的随机对照研究显示,抗氧化剂鸡尾酒疗法(包含硒、β-胡萝卜素、维生素C、维生素E和蛋氨酸)可以使慢性胰腺炎患者每月疼痛时间减少1.5 d。 该疗效仅局限于部分患者,特别是抗氧化剂和/或抗氧化清除酶缺乏以及存在明显氧化应激的患者。 事实上,一项后续随机对照研究发现,对于不存在上述特征的患者,抗氧化剂鸡尾酒疗法除可以增强患者抗氧化水平外没有其他效用。[193]Siriwardena AK, Mason JM, Sheen AJ, et al. Antioxidant therapy does not reduce pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis: the ANTICIPATE study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Sep;143(3):655-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683257?tool=bestpractice.com 新近的系统评价得出的结论是,抗氧化剂可缓解慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛,[194]Ahmed Ali U, Jens S, Busch OR, et al. Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 21;(8):CD008945.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008945.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25144441?tool=bestpractice.com[195]Rustagi T, Njei B. Antioxidant therapy for pain reduction in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreas. 2015 Jul;44(5):812-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25882696?tool=bestpractice.com 特别是在那些年龄在 42 岁或以上、有酒精相关性慢性胰腺炎的患者中。[195]Rustagi T, Njei B. Antioxidant therapy for pain reduction in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreas. 2015 Jul;44(5):812-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25882696?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,应首先评估患者抗氧化水平,对于有异常发现的患者才需要进行抗氧化治疗。[196]Bhardwaj P, Garg PK, Maulik SK, et al. A randomized controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation for pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jan;136(1):149-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952082?tool=bestpractice.com
饮食调整(如,低脂饮食)和肠内营养治疗可以通过减少CCK释放和减少胰腺刺激,缓解疼痛症状。 依据正常的消化生理,口服或肠饲要素饮食可以使胰液外分泌量减少50%,而当将肠饲管送至Treitz韧带下40~60 cm时,可以将胰液分泌量降至基线水平,达到真正意义的“胰腺旷置”。[197]O'Keefe SJ. Physiological response of the human pancreas to enteral and parenteral feeding. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Sep;9(5):622-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912561?tool=bestpractice.com 2项以要素饮食使用前和使用后的情况为基础的研究发现,要素饮食治疗可以使慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛缓解和体重增加,该要素饮食为中链甘油三酯、水解氨基酸或低脂(纯氨基酸)饮食。[198]Shea JC Bishop MD, Parker EM, et al. An enteral therapy containing medium-chain triglycerides and hydrolyzed peptides reduces postprandial pain associated with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2003;3(1):36-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649562?tool=bestpractice.com[199]Kataoka K, Sakagami J, Hirota M, et al. Effects of oral ingestion of the elemental diet in patients with painful chronic pancreatitis in the real-life setting in Japan. Pancreas. 2014 Apr;43(3):451-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622078?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项研究发现,长期经空肠营养管(内镜放置)鼻饲亦可使患者疼痛缓解、体重增加。[200]Stanga Z, Giger U, Marx A, et al. Effect of jejunal long-term feeding in chronic pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005 Jan-Feb;29(1):12-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715269?tool=bestpractice.com 住院患者通常经过鼻空肠管开始进行肠内营养,并达到缓解疼痛、改善营养不良的目的。 患者通常对鼻空肠管耐受良好,可在家继续使用。然而,营养管功能异常可导致约20%的再住院率,因此不适宜长期应用。[201]Skipworth JR, Raptis DA, Wijesuriya S, et al. The use of nasojejunal nutrition in patients with chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2011 Nov 9;12(6):574-80.http://www.joplink.net/prev/201111/04.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072246?tool=bestpractice.com
如果药物治疗失败且疼痛持续(通常与局部并发症相关),[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com基于解剖学,有几种治疗选择可用。例如,对于存在胆管梗阻的患者,可进行外科胆道搭桥手术或内镜下胆管支架置入术。对存在胰管扩张和胰管内钙化的患者,可进行内镜下胰管支架置入术、碎石术或外科引流术(胰空肠吻合术)。此外,对于不存在可手术处理的局部解剖异常的患者,目前尚未确定对其有效的内科或外科镇痛治疗,但某些医疗中心在术前会考虑进行腹腔神经丛阻滞术。
营养支持
慢性胰腺炎反复发作可导致机体高代谢状态,并且静息能量消耗明显增加。欧洲临床营养和代谢学会 (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism) 指南[87]Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):275-84.http://espen.info/documents/ENPancreas.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678943?tool=bestpractice.com 推荐少食多餐、摄入高能量(每天 35 kcal/kg)饮食,应包含蛋白质 1-1.5 g/kg/天,并且 30% 的能量应来源于脂肪,需使用充分的胰酶替代治疗来增加患者对脂肪的耐受性。部分患者需口服营养补充剂,约 5% 的患者需肠内营养支持。[87]Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):275-84.http://espen.info/documents/ENPancreas.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678943?tool=bestpractice.com
胰腺外分泌和内分泌功能障碍的治疗
目前可获得的胰酶补充剂的数量有限。 胰液素是首选的一线治疗药物, 然而给药时间和剂量对疗效均有影响。[58]DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;26(5):490-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693896?tool=bestpractice.com 对症状持续不缓解的患者,可提高药物剂量、联合使用抑酸药、将普通片剂(速释型非包肠溶衣的酶)更换为包肠溶衣片,或者将每日脂肪摄入量减至75 g 或将100 g脂肪分为4餐摄入。 如果上述方法均无效,应通过胰腺功能测试明确胰腺功能障碍的诊断,和/或排除非胰源性脂肪泻:如乳糜泻、回肠末端病变、细菌过度生长、胆汁酸缺乏(如胆管梗阻)、短肠、胃旁路手术、Zollinger-Ellison综合征、热带口炎性腹泻、贾第虫病以及服用脂肪酶抑制剂类减肥药等。
慢性胰腺炎患者并发糖尿病的治疗十分困难。 若不治疗,患者出现高血糖症的风险增加,然而由于胰高血糖素不足,胰岛素治疗可能会诱发低血糖。 专家建议患者少食多餐、补充充足的胰酶、密切监测血糖、戒酒、避免摄入高糖食物,同时咨询膳食专家。[202]Duggan SN, Conlon KC. A practical guide to the nutritional management of chronic pancreatitis. Practical Gastroenterology. 2013:24-32.https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/Parrish_June_13.pdf
手术治疗
外科手术治疗慢性胰腺炎疼痛及其他并发症的手段主要包括:减压(引流)、去神经支配和切除。[203]Andersen DK, Frey CF. The evolution of the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2010 Jan;251(1):18-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009754?tool=bestpractice.com 慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗手段有很多。
外科手术治疗的主要目标为:[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com[204]Smith MD, Degiannis E, Vickers SM. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis. In: Forsmark CE, ed. Pancreatitis and its complications. Vol 1. New York, NY: Humana Press, Inc; 2005:273-94.
手术成功的常用预测因素包括:[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com[204]Smith MD, Degiannis E, Vickers SM. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis. In: Forsmark CE, ed. Pancreatitis and its complications. Vol 1. New York, NY: Humana Press, Inc; 2005:273-94.
多变量分析表明,手术成功缓解慢性胰腺炎疼痛的新的预测因素包括:[205]Ahmed Ali U, Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Eijck CH, et al; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Clinical outcome in relation to timing of surgery in chronic pancreatitis: a nomogram to predict pain relief. Arch Surg. 2012 Oct;147(10):925-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117832?tool=bestpractice.com
症状出现少于3年
术前未使用阿片类镇痛药
术前5次及以下的内镜治疗。
胰腺假性囊肿减压
假性囊肿引流减压的指征包括:持续疼痛,囊肿增大,或出现假性囊肿并发症。 慢性胰腺炎患者的假性囊肿多持续存在。 与急性胰腺炎相比,慢性胰腺炎患者的假性囊肿出现严重并发症的风险相对较低。[206]Bradley EL, Clements JL, Jr., Gonzalez AC. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Am J Surg. 1979 Jan;137(1):135-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/758840?tool=bestpractice.com[207]Imrie CW, Buist LJ, Shearer MG. Importance of cause in the outcome of pancreatic pseudocysts. Am J Surg. 1988 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):159-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2458684?tool=bestpractice.com 假性囊肿可通过外科手术、内镜下或经皮穿刺等方式引流。[208]Aghdassi A, Mayerle J, Kraft M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008 Mar;36(2):105-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18376299?tool=bestpractice.com 内镜下引流的成功率为80%~89%,2年后复发率约为4%~18%。[209]Muthusamy VR, Chandrasekhara V, Acosta RD, et al.; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory pancreatic fluid collections. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016 Mar;83(3):481-8.http://www.asge.org/uploadedFiles/Publications_(public)/Practice_guidelines/Inflammatory_pancreatic_fluid_collections.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796695?tool=bestpractice.com[210]Muthusamy VR, Chandrasekhara V, Acosta RD, et al.; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:1-9.http://www.asge.org/uploadedFiles/Publications_(public)/Practice_guidelines/Cystic_pancreatic_neoplasms.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27206409?tool=bestpractice.com 手术引流失败率约为7%~10%。[211]Newell KA, Liu T, Aranha GV, et al. Are cystgastrostomy and cystjejunostomy equivalent operations for pancreatic pseudocysts? Surgery. 1990 Oct;108(4):635-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218873?tool=bestpractice.com[212]Cahen DL, Rauws EA, Fockens P, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: long-term outcome and procedural factors associated with safe and successful treatment. Endoscopy. 2005 Oct;37(10):977-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16189770?tool=bestpractice.com[213]Nealon WH, Walser E. Surgical management of complications associated with percutaneous and/or endoscopic management of pseudocyst of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 2005 Jun;241(6):948-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912044?tool=bestpractice.com 具体引流方式的选择取决于当地的专业技能,然而一项纳入 4 项随机对照临床试验的 meta 分析的结果[214]Varadarajulu S, Bang JY, Sutton BS, et al. Equal efficacy of endoscopic and surgical cystogastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocyst drainage in a randomized trial.Gastroenterology. 2013 Sep;145(3):583-90.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00844-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732774?tool=bestpractice.com[215]Park DH, Lee SS, Moon SH, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus conventional transmural drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts: a prospective randomized trial. Endoscopy. 2009 Oct;41(10):842-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798610?tool=bestpractice.com[216]Yuan H, Qin M, Liu R, et al. Single-step versus 2-step management of huge pancreatic pseudocysts: a prospective randomized trial with long-term follow-up. Pancreas. 2015 May;44(4):570-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875795?tool=bestpractice.com[217]Varadarajulu S, Christein JD, Tamhane A, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Dec;68(6):1102-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18640677?tool=bestpractice.com 表明在急性及慢性胰腺炎患者的混合群体中,内镜下引流要优于外科手术引流。超声内镜 (EUS) 方法可提高短期生活质量并降低成本,但追加手术的概率更大。[218]Gurusamy KS, Pallari E, Hawkins N, et al. Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 14;(4):CD011392.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011392.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27075711?tool=bestpractice.com 联合使用 EUS 引导下的引流和鼻胆管引流可能会进一步改善临床结局。 假性囊肿引流术的并发症发生率约为8%~34%,主要包括感染、出血、穿孔、囊液外漏以及瘘管形成。[211]Newell KA, Liu T, Aranha GV, et al. Are cystgastrostomy and cystjejunostomy equivalent operations for pancreatic pseudocysts? Surgery. 1990 Oct;108(4):635-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218873?tool=bestpractice.com[212]Cahen DL, Rauws EA, Fockens P, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: long-term outcome and procedural factors associated with safe and successful treatment. Endoscopy. 2005 Oct;37(10):977-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16189770?tool=bestpractice.com[213]Nealon WH, Walser E. Surgical management of complications associated with percutaneous and/or endoscopic management of pseudocyst of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 2005 Jun;241(6):948-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912044?tool=bestpractice.com
胆管减压
目前尚无随机对照临床试验评估对慢性胰腺炎继发胆管梗阻患者行胆管减压术(手术或内镜下)的效果。然而,如果碱性磷酸酶水平升高 2 倍且持续时间超过 1 个月,[219]Snape WJ, Jr., Long WB, Trotman BW, et al. Marked alkaline phosphatase elevation with partial common bile duct obstruction due to calcific pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1976 Jan;70(1):70-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1245286?tool=bestpractice.com 在排除其他原因所致的胆汁淤积(例如实质疾病、脓肿等)后,应考虑使用胆管减压术。外科选择包括 Roux-en-Y 胆总管空肠吻合术或胆总管十二指肠吻合术。手术治疗通常疗效确切且维持时间长,[220]Baron TH. Endoscopic therapy with multiple plastic stents for benign biliary strictures due to chronic calcific pancreatitis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;38(2):96-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745280?tool=bestpractice.com 但其并发症发病率约为 30%。[221]Frey CF, Suzuki M, Isaji S. Treatment of chronic pancreatitis complicated by obstruction of the common bile duct or duodenum. World J Surg. 1990 Jan-Feb;14(1):59-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407039?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜治疗方式为括约肌切开并放置多枚胆管塑料支架[222]Costamagna G, Pandolfi M, Mutignani M, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic management of postoperative bile duct strictures with increasing numbers of stents. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Aug;54(2):162-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474384?tool=bestpractice.com[223]Catalano MF, Linder JD, George S, et al. Treatment of symptomatic distal common bile duct stenosis secondary to chronic pancreatitis: comparison of single vs. multiple simultaneous stents. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Dec;60(6):945-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15605010?tool=bestpractice.com 而非单枚支架。[224]Cahen DL, van Berkel AM, Oskam D, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic drainage of common bile duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;17(1):103-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647649?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,在胆管狭窄的情况下,植入单枚覆膜自膨式金属支架与植入多枚塑料支架的成功率相当。[225]Shen Y, Liu M, Chen M, et al. Covered metal stent or multiple plastic stents for refractory pancreatic ductal strictures in chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology. 2014 Mar-Apr;14(2):87-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650959?tool=bestpractice.com[226]Haapamäki C, Kylänpää L, Udd M, et al. Randomized multicenter study of multiple plastic stents vs. covered self-expandable metallic stent in the treatment of biliary stricture in chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2015 Jul;47(7):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25590182?tool=bestpractice.com 内窥镜治疗方式适用于胰头有巨大炎性肿块伴重度黄疸及胆管炎的患者,或者出现重度共病的患者。内镜减压术可能需要反复进行,并且可能造成胆管炎等支架相关并发症,因此并不适用于所有患者。内镜减压术最常见的并发症为梗阻复发。
胰管减压
胰管减压适用于难治性疼痛或主胰管扩张超过5~7 mm(无论是否存在胰管结石)的患者。 胰管减压术不能作为一线治疗手段,仅可用于其他常规方法失败后。 当主胰管狭窄长度超过10 mm时,应考虑恶性肿瘤所致狭窄和梗阻的可能。[163]Shemesh E, Czerniak A, Nass S, et al. Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in differentiating pancreatic cancer coexisting with chronic pancreatitis. Cancer. 1990 Feb 15;65(4):893-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2297660?tool=bestpractice.com 手术减压的短期效果和长期预后均优于内镜减压术,[227]Dite P, Ruzicka M, Zboril V, et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing endoscopic and surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2003 Jul;35(7):553-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12822088?tool=bestpractice.com[228]Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Nio Y, et al. Endoscopic versus surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 15;356(7):676-84.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa060610http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17301298?tool=bestpractice.com[229]Ahmed Ali U, Pahlplatz JM, Nealon WH, et al. Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 19;(3):CD007884.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007884.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25790326?tool=bestpractice.com[230]Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Laramée P, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic vs surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2011 Nov;141(5):1690-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21843494?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do outcomes compare after endoscopic or surgical intervention in people with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.395/full显示答案 可能是由于外科手术切除胰腺感觉神经、降低胰腺组织压力(胰腺组织压力可以作为量化疼痛缓解程度的终点指标)等方法,可同时影响产生胰源性疼痛的其他假说机制。[231]Ebbehoj N, Borly L, Bulow J, et al. Evaluation of pancreatic tissue fluid pressure and pain in chronic pancreatitis: a longitudinal study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 May;25(5):462-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2359973?tool=bestpractice.com 与常识概念相反,手术方法可以立即缓解疼痛,而内镜减压术缓解疼痛的作用是延迟的。[228]Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Nio Y, et al. Endoscopic versus surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 15;356(7):676-84.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa060610http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17301298?tool=bestpractice.com[229]Ahmed Ali U, Pahlplatz JM, Nealon WH, et al. Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 19;(3):CD007884.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007884.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25790326?tool=bestpractice.com[230]Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Laramée P, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic vs surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2011 Nov;141(5):1690-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21843494?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,仅 32% 接受内镜下引流的患者获得完全或部分疼痛缓解,该有效率与针对胰胆管疼痛的干预治疗[170]Wilcox CM. Endoscopic therapy for pain in chronic pancreatitis: Is it time for the naysayers to throw in the towel? Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Apr;61(4):582-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812412?tool=bestpractice.com 或药物治疗[171]Shiratori K, Takeuchi T, Satake K, et al. Clinical evaluation of oral administration of a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist (loxiglumide) to patients with acute, painful attacks of chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter dose-response study in Japan. Pancreas. 2002 Jul;25(1):e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12131781?tool=bestpractice.com[188]Toskes PP, Forsmark CE, DeMeo MT, et al. An open-label trial of octreotide for the pain of chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:A326. 中的安慰剂有效率极其相似。一项为期5年的随访研究结果表明,47%经内镜治疗的患者仍需要外科手术治疗,而且与内镜治疗相比,更多患者通过外科手术达到疼痛持续缓解(分别为80%和38%)。[230]Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Laramée P, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic vs surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2011 Nov;141(5):1690-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21843494?tool=bestpractice.com 一项Cochrane回顾性研究也表明,外科手术在缓解疼痛方面优于内镜治疗。[229]Ahmed Ali U, Pahlplatz JM, Nealon WH, et al. Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 19;(3):CD007884.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007884.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25790326?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do outcomes compare after endoscopic or surgical intervention in people with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.395/full显示答案 然而,外科手术或内镜治疗的选择还受到患者基础疾病的影响,而且外科手术患者远期也存在疼痛复发的风险。[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com
小胰管疾病的干预治疗
难治性腹痛患者可考虑外科手术治疗。 若病变位于胰头部伴胰头增大,且其他治疗手段无效时,可行胰十二指肠切除术(PD;Whipple手术), 这是由于胰头经常是疼痛开始的位置。[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com[232]Traverso LW, Kozarek RA. Pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis: anatomic selection criteria and subsequent long-term outcome analysis. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):429-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191055/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351711?tool=bestpractice.com
PD是治疗慢性胰腺炎的标准手术方法,也可采用保留幽门的PD。
一项纳入 5 项随机对照试验 (RCT) 的 Meta 分析[233]Buchler MW, Friess H, Muller MW, et al. Randomized trial of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection versus pylorus-preserving Whipple in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1995 Jan;169(1):65-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818000?tool=bestpractice.com[234]Klempa I, Spatny M, Menzel J, et al. Pancreatic function and quality of life after resection of the head of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. A prospective, randomized comparative study after duodenum preserving resection of the head of the pancreas versus Whipple's operation. Am J Surg. 1995 Jan;169(1):65-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634946?tool=bestpractice.com[235]Izbicki JR, Bloechle C, Broering DC, et al. Extended drainage versus resection in surgery for chronic pancreatitis: a prospective randomized trial comparing the longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy combined with local pancreatic head excision with the pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 1998 Dec;228(6):771-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9860476?tool=bestpractice.com[236]Farkas G, Leindler L, Daroczi M, et al. Prospective randomised comparison of organ-preserving pancreatic head resection with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006 Aug;391(4):338-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680474?tool=bestpractice.com[237]Keck T, Adam U, Makowiec F, et al. Short- and long-term results of duodenum preservation versus resection for the management of chronic pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized study. Surgery. 2012 Sep;152(3 Suppl 1):S95-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906892?tool=bestpractice.com 表明,与常规PD术相比,保留十二指肠的胰头切除术(无论是否进行胰管引流)同样可以缓解疼痛、减少并发症和减少术后胰腺内分泌功能不足的发生率。[238]Gurusamy KS, Lusuku C, Halkias C, et al. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic resection versus pancreaticoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 3;(2):CD011521.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011521.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837472?tool=bestpractice.com 接受保留十二指肠的胰头切除术后,住院时间可能会缩短,但不良事件、生活质量和死亡率没有太大变化。[238]Gurusamy KS, Lusuku C, Halkias C, et al. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic resection versus pancreaticoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 3;(2):CD011521.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011521.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837472?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with chronic pancreatitis, how does duodenum-preserving pancreatic resection compare with pancreaticoduodenectomy at improving outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1401/full显示答案 不同的保留十二指肠手术均具有相似的临床结局,[239]Izbicki JR, Bloechle C, Knoefel WT, et al. Duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1995 Apr;221(4):350-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1234583/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7726670?tool=bestpractice.com 从生活质量和疼痛控制方面来看,这种效果在随访 16 年后似乎仍持续存在。[240]Bachmann K, Tomkoetter L, Erbes J, et al. Beger and Frey procedures for treatment of chronic pancreatitis: comparison of outcomes at 16-year follow-up. J Am Coll Surg. 2014 Aug;219(2):208-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880955?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析结果表明,与传统的 PD 相比,两种十二指肠保留术存在优势:Beger 手术能在多数患者中完全缓解疼痛,但不能减少术后并发症发病率;Frey 手术可以减少术后并发症发病率,但不能在多数患者中完全缓解疼痛。[241]Yin Z, Sun J, Yin D, et al. Surgical treatment strategies in chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2012 Oct;147(10):961-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23070412?tool=bestpractice.com
胰腺全切或次全切除术与术后并发症发病率增加相关,[242]Grace PA, Pitt HA, Tompkins RK, et al. Decreased morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy. Am J Surg. 1986 Jan;151(1):141-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3946745?tool=bestpractice.com 包括消化性溃疡和糖尿病。[232]Traverso LW, Kozarek RA. Pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis: anatomic selection criteria and subsequent long-term outcome analysis. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):429-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191055/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351711?tool=bestpractice.com 胰岛细胞移植可以减少部分患者的胰岛素依赖。[243]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation for improved glycaemic control after pancreatectomy. September 2008 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/IPG274 残余胰腺炎可引起持续疼痛,但程度有所减轻。[232]Traverso LW, Kozarek RA. Pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis: anatomic selection criteria and subsequent long-term outcome analysis. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):429-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191055/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351711?tool=bestpractice.com
胰腺全切术联合自体胰岛细胞移植术是否可以用于治疗早期慢性胰腺炎患者疼痛,目前尚存争议。[244]Dimagno MJ, Dimagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;28(5):523-31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480324/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782018?tool=bestpractice.com[245]Bellin MD, Freeman ML, Gelrud A, et al; PancreasFest Recommendation Conference Participants. Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation in chronic pancreatitis: recommendations from PancreasFest. Pancreatology. 2014 Jan-Feb;14(1):27-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058640/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24555976?tool=bestpractice.com 早期干预治疗的原因主要为:1) 避免中枢疼痛通路因炎性反应和腹部脏器源性疼痛而变为自发性;2) 避免胰腺组织过度破坏造成胰岛细胞产量下降,从而增加胰源性糖尿病的发生风险。然而,应保持谨慎,因为高达 40% 的患者胰腺切除术后仍有疼痛需使用麻醉止痛药,[246]Garcea G, Weaver J, Phillips J, et al. Total pancreatectomy with and without islet cell transplantation for chronic pancreatitis: a series of 85 consecutive patients. Pancreas. 2009 Jan;38(1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18665009?tool=bestpractice.com 部分接受手术切除的“早期慢性胰腺炎”患者实际并不存在慢性胰腺炎和/或胰腺疼痛,并且对此患者群体行手术治疗的长期结局不明确。
有研究假说认为胰腺感觉神经阻断术可以缓解疼痛。[247]Mallet-Guy PA. Late and very late results of resections of the nervous system in the treatment of chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1983 Feb;145(2):234-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6824137?tool=bestpractice.com 两项随机对照研究、[248]Madsen P, Hansen E. Coeliac plexus block versus pancreaticogastrostomy for pain in chronic pancreatitis. A controlled randomized trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Dec;20(10):1217-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3912959?tool=bestpractice.com[249]Gress F, Schmitt C, Sherman S, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of endoscopic ultrasound- and computed tomography-guided celiac plexus block for managing chronic pancreatitis pain. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Apr;94(4):900-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10201454?tool=bestpractice.com一项系统评价和两项 Meta 分析[250]Baghdadi S, Abbas MH, Albouz F, et al. Systematic review of the role of thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy in palliating the pain of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Surg Endosc. 2008 Mar;22(3):580-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163168?tool=bestpractice.com[251]Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, et al. EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for pain due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Nov;54(11):2330-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19137428?tool=bestpractice.com[252]Kaufman M, Singh G, Das S, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block and celiac plexus neurolysis for managing abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Feb;44(2):127-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826273?tool=bestpractice.com 结果表明,慢性胰腺炎患者可通过进行神经阻滞获益,阻滞方法包括腹腔神经丛阻滞 (coeliac plexus block, CPB) 和胸腔镜内脏神经切除术。在排除引起持续性疼痛的解剖学原因,并且尝试通过其他方法(包括戒酒戒烟、胰酶替代治疗、镇痛治疗、加巴喷丁类药物治疗)缓解疼痛失败后,可考虑实施腹腔神经丛阻滞。如果采用 CPB 治疗,EUS 引导可改善短期疼痛缓解,[253]Santosh D, Lakhtakia S, Gupta R, et al. Clinical trial: a randomized trial comparing fluoroscopy guided percutaneous technique vs. endoscopic ultrasound guided technique of coeliac plexus block for treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May 1;29(9):979-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03963.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222416?tool=bestpractice.com 然而该方法的长期获益方面的数据并不充分。疼痛缓解:有低质量的证据表明,与计算机体层成像引导下神经阻断术相比,超声内镜引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞 (CPB) 可以有效缓解慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛,并达到持续缓解的效果(术后第 4 周评估)。[253]Santosh D, Lakhtakia S, Gupta R, et al. Clinical trial: a randomized trial comparing fluoroscopy guided percutaneous technique vs. endoscopic ultrasound guided technique of coeliac plexus block for treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May 1;29(9):979-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03963.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222416?tool=bestpractice.com CPB技术性强,因此适用于阿片类似物耐药的难治性疼痛患者,以及小胰管病变引起的慢性胰腺炎不伴主胰管梗阻的患者。 低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 CPB的常见并发症包括腹泻和体位性低血压。[254]Eisenberg E, Carr DB, Chalmers TC. Neurolytic celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 1995 Feb;80(2):290-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818115?tool=bestpractice.com 截瘫是 CPB 治疗的罕见并发症,主要发生于后方入路的 CPB,[255]Thompson GE, Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD, et al. Abdominal pain and alcohol celiac plexus nerve block. Anesth Analg. 1977 Jan-Feb;56(1):1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/556895?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在 EUS 引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术后,也有关于截瘫的报告。[256]Fujii LL, Topazian MD, Abu Dayyeh BK, et al. EUS-guided pancreatic duct intervention: outcomes of a single tertiary-care referral center experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Dec;78(6):854-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891418?tool=bestpractice.com
胸腔镜内脏神经切除术短期疼痛缓解作用与CPB治疗类似,然而由于尚无对比两种治疗方法的RCT研究、缺乏长期随访资料,且约16%患者可出现术后并发症,因此该治疗手段仍需要进一步随访研究。[250]Baghdadi S, Abbas MH, Albouz F, et al. Systematic review of the role of thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy in palliating the pain of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Surg Endosc. 2008 Mar;22(3):580-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163168?tool=bestpractice.com 术前应用阿片类药物是疼痛缓解的独立预测因素。[257]Issa Y, Ahmed Ali U, Bouwense SA, et al. Preoperative opioid use and the outcome of thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy in chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2014 Feb;28(2):405-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24061626?tool=bestpractice.com
胰体尾病变和胰头肿胀的手术治疗
胰体尾切除术的指征包括局限在胰尾的假性囊肿和纤维化。 由于通常认为胰头是胰源性疼痛的开始部位,因此该治疗不常规用于缓解疼痛。[57]Warshaw AL, Banks PA, Fernandez-Del Castillo C. AGA technical review: treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Sep;115(3):765-76.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859870157X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721175?tool=bestpractice.com[232]Traverso LW, Kozarek RA. Pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis: anatomic selection criteria and subsequent long-term outcome analysis. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):429-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191055/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351711?tool=bestpractice.com 胰体尾切除术治疗效果好,[258]Lillemoe KD, Kaushal S, Cameron JL, et al. Distal pancreatectomy: indications and outcomes in 235 patients. Ann Surg. 1999 May;229(5):693-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420814/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235528?tool=bestpractice.com[259]Sledzianowski JF, Duffas JP, Muscari F, et al. Risk factors for mortality and intra-abdominal morbidity after distal pancreatectomy. Surgery. 2005 Feb;137(2):180-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674199?tool=bestpractice.com[260]Hutchins RR, Hart RS, Pacifico M, et al. Long-term results of distal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis in 90 patients. Ann Surg. 2002 Nov;236(5):612-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422619/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409667?tool=bestpractice.com 然而目前尚无相关的随机对照研究报道。 局限性胰尾病变患者可行胰体尾切除术,该手术并发症出现率约为20%~40%,术后复发率(15%~46%)和病死率(0%~3%)均较低。[258]Lillemoe KD, Kaushal S, Cameron JL, et al. Distal pancreatectomy: indications and outcomes in 235 patients. Ann Surg. 1999 May;229(5):693-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420814/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235528?tool=bestpractice.com[259]Sledzianowski JF, Duffas JP, Muscari F, et al. Risk factors for mortality and intra-abdominal morbidity after distal pancreatectomy. Surgery. 2005 Feb;137(2):180-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674199?tool=bestpractice.com[260]Hutchins RR, Hart RS, Pacifico M, et al. Long-term results of distal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis in 90 patients. Ann Surg. 2002 Nov;236(5):612-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422619/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409667?tool=bestpractice.com 通过手术治疗胰源性疼痛和局限性纤维化,疼痛复发风险高。[261]Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL. Pitfalls of distal pancreatectomy for relief of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1996 Jan;171(1):142-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8554129?tool=bestpractice.com 由于疾病的自然特性,症状可持续存在或反复发作,导致20%的患者最终需要接受胰腺全切术。[262]Williamson RC, Cooper MJ. Resection in chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1987 Sep;74(9):807-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3664247?tool=bestpractice.com 未发现的胰腺癌能够导致梗阻性慢性胰腺炎,其可能是一个潜在的病因[261]Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL. Pitfalls of distal pancreatectomy for relief of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1996 Jan;171(1):142-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8554129?tool=bestpractice.com (尤其在狭窄>10 mm 时)。[163]Shemesh E, Czerniak A, Nass S, et al. Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in differentiating pancreatic cancer coexisting with chronic pancreatitis. Cancer. 1990 Feb 15;65(4):893-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2297660?tool=bestpractice.com
体外冲击波碎石术
可用于存在胰管钙化而其他常规止痛治疗无效的患者。 然而由于缺乏适当的病例对照研究,该方法对疼痛缓解的疗效尚不明确。[263]Guda NM, Partington S, Freeman ML. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of chronic calcific pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. JOP. 2005 Jan 13;6(1):6-12.http://www.joplink.net/prev/200501/05.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650279?tool=bestpractice.com[264]Dumonceau JM, Costamagna G, Tringali A, et al. Treatment for painful calcified chronic pancreatitis: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus endoscopic therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2007 Apr;56(4):545-52.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856858/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17047101?tool=bestpractice.com 安慰剂效应对ESWL治疗疗效的评估可产生重要影响,该影响在胰源性疼痛患者的治疗中高达40%,[170]Wilcox CM. Endoscopic therapy for pain in chronic pancreatitis: Is it time for the naysayers to throw in the towel? Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Apr;61(4):582-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812412?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Shiratori K, Takeuchi T, Satake K, et al. Clinical evaluation of oral administration of a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist (loxiglumide) to patients with acute, painful attacks of chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter dose-response study in Japan. Pancreas. 2002 Jul;25(1):e1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12131781?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Toskes PP, Forsmark CE, DeMeo MT, et al. A multicenter controlled trial of octreotide for the pain of chronic pancreatitis (abstract). Pancreas. 1993;8:774.[173]Olesen SS, Bouwense SA, Wilder-Smith OH, et al. Pregabalin reduces pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2011 Aug;141(2):536-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683078?tool=bestpractice.com 合并有效率估计为 20%(95% CI 9%-36%)。[174]Capurso G, Cocomello L, Benedetto U, et al. Meta-analysis: the placebo rate of abdominal pain remission in clinical trials of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2012 Oct;41(7):1125-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513290?tool=bestpractice.com 是否存在胰管结石并不能预测疼痛缓解或持续情况。[265]Adler DG, Lichtenstein D, Baron TH, et al. The role of endoscopy in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006 Jun;63(7):933-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16733106?tool=bestpractice.com