慢性胰腺炎的Cambridge分类法[143]Axon AT, Classen M, Cotton PB, et al. Pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis: international definitions. Gut. 1984 Oct;25(10):1107-12.https://gut.bmj.com/content/25/10/1107.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6479687?tool=bestpractice.com
Cambridge 分类法依据内镜逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP)(和超声或计算机体层成像 [CT])检查中胰腺主胰管和分支胰管的异常,对胰腺结构损伤的严重程度进行分级。
1 分(Cambridge 0 级)
严重程度:正常
高质量ERCP/超声或CT扫描未发现异常。
2分(Cambridge 0级)
3分(Cambridge I级)
4分(Cambridge II级)
5分(Cambridge III级)
慢性胰腺炎Ammann标准(Zurich工作组)[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性胰腺炎伴1项下述表现:
胰腺钙化
Cambridge标准定义的中重度胰管损伤
典型的胰腺组织学表现
持续胰腺外分泌功能障碍(超过2年)。
慢性胰腺炎M-ANNHEIM标准[111]Schneider A, Löhr JM, Singer MV. The M-ANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis: introduction of a unifying classification system based on a review of previous classifications of the disease. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;42(2):101-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351799?tool=bestpractice.com
M-ANNHEIM 标准与 Ammann 标准类似,[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com 只是将慢性胰腺炎诊断按可靠程度分级为确诊、拟诊和疑诊等。 此外,M-ANNHEIM标准对临床症状的定义更为宽泛, 诊断标准要求至少1项临床症状(复发性急性胰腺炎或典型腹痛,不包括原发性无痛性胰腺炎)及下述1项改变:
值得注意的是,M-ANNHEIM评分标准对慢性胰腺炎的临床严重程度分级与梅奥医学中心的标准类似。[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Raimondo M, Imoto M, DiMagno EP. Rapid endoscopic secretin stimulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017660?tool=bestpractice.com
日本胰腺协会(JPS)对慢性胰腺炎的定义[112]Homma T, Harada H, Koizumi M. Diagnostic criteria of chronic pancreatitis by the Japan Pancreas Society. Pancreas. 1997 Jul;15(1):14-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211487?tool=bestpractice.com
JPS标准依据典型的临床症状体征和辅助检查对慢性胰腺炎患者进行评估。[112]Homma T, Harada H, Koizumi M. Diagnostic criteria of chronic pancreatitis by the Japan Pancreas Society. Pancreas. 1997 Jul;15(1):14-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211487?tool=bestpractice.com 确定性慢性胰腺炎的 JPS 标准与 Ammann 标准类似,[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com 但不同之处在于将可能性分为确诊、拟诊或疑诊,并且对临床标准以及胰腺外分泌功能障碍的定义有所不同。该诊断标准需要符合至少1项临床症状(慢性腹痛、复发性急性胰腺炎、体重下降或油便)并存在1项下述改变:
值得注意的是,JPS标准并未对胰腺炎的严重程度进行分级,并且未将梗阻性胰腺炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎以及肿瘤形成性胰腺炎等纳入在定义内。
梅奥医学中心针对慢性胰腺炎的评分系统[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Raimondo M, Imoto M, DiMagno EP. Rapid endoscopic secretin stimulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017660?tool=bestpractice.com
该标准主要用于流行病学研究,是一项包含多项评分系统的诊断标准。
依据该诊断标准,慢性胰腺炎的诊断基于对胰腺形态和功能改变的评分,4分及以上者可诊断为慢性胰腺炎,该诊断标准具体如下(括号内为相应评分值):
胰腺钙化:明确(4),可疑(2)
组织学改变:明确(4),可疑(2)
脂肪泻或脂肪酶与实验室正常均值相比,低<两个标准差(2)
通过 ERCP、CT 或磁共振胰胆管造影 (MRCP) 检查发现胰管异常,依据 Cambridge 分类法将其分为 I 至 III 级(3)
主要临床症状标准:上腹痛或12个月内体重下降超过10 kg(2)
糖尿病(空腹血糖>140 mg/dL)(1)。
日本胰腺协会(JPS)对自身免疫性胰腺炎的诊断标准[14]Okazaki K, Kawa S, Kamisawa T, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria of autoimmune pancreatitis: revised proposal. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;41(7):626-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932998?tool=bestpractice.com
通过超声、CT 和/或磁共振成像发现的必备影像学诊断标准:
主胰管狭窄伴管壁不规则改变以及
弥漫性或局灶性胰腺肿胀,
同时符合1项下述改变:
除外胰腺或胆管恶性病变。
梅奥医学中心对自身免疫性胰腺炎的诊断标准[113]Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1010-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843735?tool=bestpractice.com
梅奥医学中心提出HISORt自身免疫性胰腺炎诊断标准,HISORt分别代表组织学、影像学、血清学、其他脏器受损以及治疗反应。 确诊需要符合至少1项下述改变:
2010年针对自身免疫性胰腺炎进行国际共识会议[114]Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, Frulloni L, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis: guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology. Pancreas. 2011 Apr;40(3):352-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412117?tool=bestpractice.com
这次国际专家会议就 AIP 的 2 个组织病理学分型达成了一致意见,并提出 AIP 的 5 项诊断标准,这些标准与梅奥医学中心提出的标准相似,[113]Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1010-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843735?tool=bestpractice.com 并且此后已经报告相关更新。[115]Zhang L, Chari S, Smyrk TC, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) type 1 and type 2: an international consensus study on histopathologic diagnostic criteria. Pancreas. 2011 Nov;40(8):1172-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975436?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012 Feb;22(1):21-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218969?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Deshpande V, Gupta R, Sainani N, et al. Subclassification of autoimmune pancreatitis: a histologic classification with clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011 Jan;35(1):26-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164284?tool=bestpractice.com Ⅰ型AIP属于IgG4相关的多器官疾病,胰腺组织学显示胰管周围淋巴浆细胞浸润、细胞基质炎性改变伴席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎。 Ⅱ型AIP是非IgG4相关的胰腺特异性疾病,组织学表现为粒细胞上皮性损伤。 Ⅱ型 AIP 往往伴发胰腺炎(与Ⅰ型 AIP 伴发的无痛性黄疸截然不同),发病年龄较早,且较Ⅰ型 AIP 而言更常与炎症性肠病相关。[118]Hart PA, Levy MJ, Smyrk TC, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes in idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis (type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis): the Mayo Clinic experience. Gut. 2016 Oct;65(10):1702-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085439?tool=bestpractice.com 两型AIP均对皮质类固醇治疗有反应,而Ⅰ型AIP易出现治疗后复发。[119]Sah RP, Chari ST, Pannala R, et al. Differences in clinical profile and relapse rate of type 1 versus type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul;139(1):140-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353791?tool=bestpractice.com