慢性胰腺炎患者主要存在3种基因突变:阳离子胰蛋白酶原或丝氨酸蛋白酶1(PRSS1)突变;Kazal-1型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(SPINK1)突变;囊性纤维化跨膜转运调节因子(CFTR)突变。
52%~81%的遗传性胰腺炎患者存在PRSS1基因突变,约50%的早发性特发性慢性胰腺炎患者存在SPINK1或CFTR基因突变,20%~55%热带性胰腺炎患者存在SPINK1基因突变。[67]DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep;20(5):444-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689677?tool=bestpractice.com
PRSS1、SPINK1、CFTR基因突变与慢性胰腺炎和复发性急性胰腺炎相关,但是与单次发作的急性胰腺炎无关。[68]Pezzilli R, Morselli-Labate AM, Mantovani V, et al. Mutations of the CFTR gene in pancreatic disease. Pancreas. 2003 Nov;27(4):332-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576497?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Masamune A, Ariga H, Kume K, et al. Genetic background is different between sentinel and recurrent acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jun;26(6):974-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303407?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Aoun E, Muddana V, Papachristou GI, et al. SPINK1 N34S is strongly associated with recurrent acute pancreatitis but is not a risk factor for the first or sentinel acute pancreatitis event. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Feb;105(2):446-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888199?tool=bestpractice.com
较少见的情况下,特发性慢性胰腺炎还与糜蛋白酶原 C 基因突变、[5]Rosendahl J, Witt H, Szmola R, et al. Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) variants that diminish activity or secretion are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet. 2008 Jan;40(1):78-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650829/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18059268?tool=bestpractice.com 钙敏感受体基因突变、[6]Muddana V, Lamb J, Greer JB, et al. Association between calcium sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and chronic pancreatitis in a US population: role of serine protease inhibitor Kazal 1type and alcohol. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 28;14(28):4486-91.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731274/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680227?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Felderbauer P, Hoffmann P, Einwächter H, et al. A novel mutation of the calcium sensing receptor gene is associated with chronic pancreatitis in a family with heterozygous SPINK1 mutations. BMC Gastroenterol. 2003 Nov 29;3:34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC317302/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641934?tool=bestpractice.com X 连锁封闭蛋白 2 基因突变、[8]Whitcomb DC, LaRusch J, Krasinskas AM, et al. Common genetic variants in the CLDN2 and PRSS1-PRSS2 loci alter risk for alcohol-related and sporadic pancreatitis. Nat Genet. 2012 Dec;44(12):1349-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23143602?tool=bestpractice.com 羧肽酶 A1、[9]Witt H, Beer S, Rosendahl J, et al. Variants in CPA1 are strongly associated with early onset chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet. 2013 Oct;45(10):1216-20.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909499/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23955596?tool=bestpractice.com 岩藻糖基转移酶 2 非分泌型状态、[10]Weiss FU, Schurmann C, Guenther A, et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status and blood group B are associated with elevated serum lipase activity in asymptomatic subjects, and an increased risk for chronic pancreatitis: a genetic association study. Gut. 2015 Apr;64(4):646-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25028398?tool=bestpractice.com ABO 血型 B 型、[10]Weiss FU, Schurmann C, Guenther A, et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status and blood group B are associated with elevated serum lipase activity in asymptomatic subjects, and an increased risk for chronic pancreatitis: a genetic association study. Gut. 2015 Apr;64(4):646-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25028398?tool=bestpractice.com 尚未明确的基因突变以及潜在的表观遗传学机制[71]Xu W, Hui C, Yu SS, et al. MicroRNAs and cystic fibrosis - an epigenetic perspective. Cell Biol Int. 2011 May;35(5):463-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21476987?tool=bestpractice.com 或蛋白功能的非遗传学改变有关。比如,某些患者存在囊性纤维化基因多态性,而非CFTR基因突变,[72]Knowles MR, Durie PR. What is cystic fibrosis? N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):439-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167688?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Groman JD, Meyer ME, Wilmott RW, et al. Variant cystic fibrosis phenotypes in the absence of CFTR mutations. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):401-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa011899http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167682?tool=bestpractice.com 包括那些由已知原因造成的慢性胰腺炎患者。[74]Ko SB, Mizuno N, Yatabe Y, et al. Corticosteroids correct aberrant CFTR localization in the duct and regenerate acinar cells in autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010 May;138(5):1988-96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061436/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080093?tool=bestpractice.com
强烈建议有明确个人或家族病史和/或基因检测结果为阳性的患者进行遗传咨询。 应仔细解释后者的临床意义,因为突变的分类(非致病性;可能非致病性;不确定;可能致病性;明确致病性)在复杂疾病中通常会有变化,导致在多年的病程中需要重新分类(升级或降级)[75]Krier J, Barfield R, Green RC, et al. Reclassification of genetic-based risk predictions as GWAS data accumulate. Genome Med. 2016 Feb 17;8(1):20.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756503/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26884246?tool=bestpractice.com 。[76]Garrett LT, Hickman N, Jacobson A, et al. Family studies for classification of variants of uncertain classification: current laboratory clinical practice and a new web-based educational tool. J Genet Couns. 2016 Dec;25(6):1146-56.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114323/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27422780?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Moghadasi S, Eccles DM, Devilee P, et al. Classification and clinical management of variants of uncertain significance in high penetrance cancer predisposition genes. Hum Mutat. 2016 Apr;37(4):331-6.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.22956/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26777316?tool=bestpractice.com