确立诊断可能较为困难。个体患者的症状和客观诊断检查均可单独地提示慢性胰腺炎的可能性,然而通常需要综合症状、体征和检查结果进行诊断。目前存在多套诊断标准,然而均未能得到普遍认可。在发病年龄较大的患者中,应考虑自身免疫性胰腺炎[13]Kamisawa T, Yoshiike M, Egawa N, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in the elderly in Japan. Pancreatology. 2004;4(3-4):223-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148441?tool=bestpractice.com 和胰腺癌的可能性,并作为鉴别诊断逐一排除,但排除诊断过程可能存在困难。如果仅存在腹痛症状并且影像学检查结果无诊断特征,那么想要早期诊断慢性胰腺炎并非易事。此类患者需要前瞻性随诊。例如,急性胰腺炎首次发作之后, 8%-10% 的患者可能进展为慢性胰腺炎;[26]Sankaran SJ, Xiao AY, Wu LM, et al. Frequency of progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis and risk factors: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Nov;149(6):1490-500.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)01175-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299411?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Ahmed Ali U, Issa Y, Hagenaars JC, et al. Risk of recurrent pancreatitis and progression to chronic pancreatitis after a first episode of acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 May;14(5):738-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26772149?tool=bestpractice.com依据四个可变因素可独立预测进展,即目前吸烟、特发性病因、饮酒因素和坏死性胰腺炎。[82]Ahmed Ali U, Issa Y, Hagenaars JC, et al. Risk of recurrent pancreatitis and progression to chronic pancreatitis after a first episode of acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 May;14(5):738-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26772149?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,3 项纵向研究表明 26%-50% 有多次特发性胰腺炎发作(病因不明的复发性胰腺炎)的患者会在 18-36 个月内出现慢性胰腺炎的证据。[83]Garg PK, Tandon RK, Madan K. Is biliary microlithiasis a significant cause of idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis? A long-term follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jan;5(1):75-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931169?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Jacob L, Geenen JE, Catalano MF, et al. Prevention of pancreatitis in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis: a prospective nonblinded randomized study using endoscopic stents. Endoscopy. 2001 Jul;33(7):559-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473324?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Yusoff IF, Raymond G, Sahai AV. A prospective comparison of the yield of EUS in primary vs recurrent idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Nov;60(5):673-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15557941?tool=bestpractice.com
临床特征
特征性临床表现为:
腹痛:超过80%的患者在确诊时存在腹痛。[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com 腹痛是位于上腹部的钝痛,可放射至背部,前倾坐位时疼痛可以减轻,餐后约30 min时疼痛加重。
黄疸:总发生率约为10%。[86]Scott J, Summerfield JA, Elias E, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: a cause of cholestasis. Gut. 1977 Mar;18(3):196-201.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1411390/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/856677?tool=bestpractice.com 黄疸是由胆总管受压造成,常由无症状性碱性磷酸酶升高进展而来。 当出现黄疸时,应注意排除胰腺癌可能。
脂肪泻:确诊时总发生率约为8%~22%。[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com 脂肪泻出现在氮溢(蛋白质吸收障碍)之前。 腺体炎症和纤维化可导致胰腺外分泌组织损伤、萎缩或缺损。 当出现脂肪泻症状时应注意与摄入矿物油区分。
营养不良:因疼痛而惧怕进食、吸收障碍以及酗酒引起的进食减少是造成营养不良的常见因素。此外,约30%~50%的慢性胰腺炎患者会出现静息能量消耗增加。[87]Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):275-84.http://espen.info/documents/ENPancreas.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678943?tool=bestpractice.com 约10%~15%的患者需要营养支持治疗。[87]Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):275-84.http://espen.info/documents/ENPancreas.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678943?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病和糖耐量异常:疾病早期由于胰岛素抵抗造成糖耐量异常,最终胰岛素分泌量减少并导致糖尿病发生。 高血糖症总体患病率为47%。[88]Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer: International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1433-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199305203282001http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8479461?tool=bestpractice.com 慢性胰腺炎症状出现时,患者的糖尿病发病率范围为 0%-22%,[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com 并且 25 年后超过 80%。[89]Malka D, Hammel P, Sauvanet A, et al. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2000 Nov;119(5):1324-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054391?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对 500 名患者的前瞻性队列研究确定了两个独立危险因素(胰腺钙化和远端胰腺切除术),[89]Malka D, Hammel P, Sauvanet A, et al. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2000 Nov;119(5):1324-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054391?tool=bestpractice.com 但是一项针对 2000 多名患者的大得多的回顾性研究确定了不包括胰腺钙化的 5 个独立危险因素(酗酒、男性、脂肪泻、胆道狭窄以及远端胰腺切除术)。[90]Pan J, Xin L, Wang D, et al. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis: a cohort of 2,011 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Apr;95(14):e3251.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4998786/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27057870?tool=bestpractice.com
其他非特异性临床表现包括:
体重下降:与营养不良相同,造成体重下降的原因包括(由于疼痛)惧怕进食、吸收障碍、因酗酒造成的进食减少以及静息能量消耗提高。 然而应注意除外恶性肿瘤造成的体重下降。
微量营养元素缺乏:与营养不良相同,造成微量营养元素缺乏的原因包括(由于疼痛)惧怕进食、吸收障碍、因酗酒造成的进食减少以及静息能量消耗提高。 脂溶性维生素缺乏的发生率差异较大,研究表明维生素A缺乏的发病率为14.5%,维生素E为24.2%,而维生素D高达53%。[91]Sikkens EC, Cahen DL, Koch AD, et al. The prevalence of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and a decreased bone mass in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013 May-Jun;13(3):238-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719594?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Duggan SN, Smyth ND, O'Sullivan M, et al. The prevalence of malnutrition and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in chronic pancreatitis. Nutr Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;29(3):348-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727205?tool=bestpractice.com 营养元素长期缺乏可导致多种疾病,包括视力下降、神经功能损伤以及骨营养不良。
低创伤骨折和骨密度下降:与营养不良相同,与微量营养元素缺乏和全身炎性反应增强有关。[93]Duggan SN, Purcell C, Kilbane M, et al. An association between abnormal bone turnover, systemic inflammation, and osteoporosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a case-matched study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):336-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25623657?tool=bestpractice.com 已有报道称低创伤性骨折的患病率为 4.8%,[94]Tignor AS, Wu BU, Whitlock TL, et al. High prevalence of low-trauma fracture in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Dec;105(12):2680-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736937?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是由骨量减少和骨质疏松的合并患病率高所造成(分别为 39.8% 和 23.4%)。[95]Duggan SN, Smyth ND, Murphy A, et al. High prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;12(2):219-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856359?tool=bestpractice.com 慢性胰腺炎患者和肝硬化患者如果同时存在酗酒,那么骨折风险将进一步提高。[96]Bang UC, Benfield T, Bendtsen F, et al. The risk of fractures among patients with cirrhosis or chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;12(2):320-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23644391?tool=bestpractice.com
恶心和呕吐:由慢性胰腺炎的短期和长期并发症造成。该症状可能由疼痛、胆管或十二指肠梗阻或餐后胃肌电活动改变等引起。[97]Lu CL, Chen CY, Luo JC, et al. Impaired gastric myoelectricity in patients with chronic pancreatitis: role of maldigestion. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 21;11(3):372-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205340/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637747?tool=bestpractice.com 症状会随着麻醉性镇痛药的应用而加重。然而,关于慢性胰腺炎患者胃排空时间是延长、[98]Chowdhury RS, Forsmark CE, Davis RH, et al. Prevalence of gastroparesis in patients with small duct chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003 Apr;26(3):235-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657948?tool=bestpractice.com 正常[99]Regan PT, Malagelada JR, DiMagno EP, et al. Postprandial gastric function in pancreatic insufficiency. Gut. 1979 Mar;20(3):249-54.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1412313/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35448?tool=bestpractice.com 还是加快,仍然存在争议。[100]Long WB, Weiss JB. Rapid gastric emptying of fatty meals in pancreatic insufficiency. Gastroenterology. 1974 Nov;67(5):920-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4609827?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Mizushima T, Ochi K, Ichimura M, et al. Pancreatic enzyme supplement improves dysmotility in chronic pancreatitis patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Sep;19(9):1005-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15304117?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤结节:胰腺脂肪酶可能进入循环系统并导 从而导致四肢痛性或无痛性皮肤结节,伴发热及多关节炎。[102]Carasso S, Oren I, Alroy G, et al. Disseminated fat necrosis with asymptomatic pancreatitis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jan;319(1):68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10653446?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Lucas PF, Owen TK. Subcutaneous fat necrosis, 'polyarthritis', and pancreatic disease. Gut. 1962 Jun;3:146-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413316/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14467092?tool=bestpractice.com 约5%的胰腺炎患者会发生无症状性髓内脂肪坏死。[104]Bank S, Marks IN, Farman J, et al. Further observations on calcified medullary bone lesions in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1966 Aug;51(2):224-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5947503?tool=bestpractice.com
关节痛:出现于至少 2 种胰腺疾病相关的疾病中,即转移性脂肪坏死[103]Lucas PF, Owen TK. Subcutaneous fat necrosis, 'polyarthritis', and pancreatic disease. Gut. 1962 Jun;3:146-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413316/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14467092?tool=bestpractice.com 和免疫球蛋白 G4 (IgG4) 相关性自身免疫性胰腺炎,伴有类风湿关节炎,伴或不伴继发性淀粉样变性。[105]Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Hamasaki K, et al. An autopsy case of acute pancreatitis with a high serum IgG4 complicated by amyloidosis and rheumatoid arthritis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr 7;11(13):2032-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4305732/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15801001?tool=bestpractice.com
腹胀:产生的原因包括胰腺假性囊肿增大,胰腺癌,胰管或假性囊肿破裂导致的胰源性腹水,十二指肠纤维化和梗阻。
喘憋:由胸腔积液,或胰管、假性囊肿破裂导致的胰源性腹水漏入胸膜腔等原因造成。
可依据胰腺炎发病年龄的不同来推断疾病的潜在病因。 遗传性胰腺炎发病的高峰年龄为10~14岁,青少年特发性慢性胰腺炎为19~23岁,酒精性慢性胰腺炎为36~44岁,而迟发性特发性慢性胰腺炎为56~62岁。[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, DiMagno EP, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer: International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Mar 19;89(6):442-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9091646?tool=bestpractice.com
初始检查
对于慢性胰腺炎,关于最佳诊断性检查,尚未达成共识,也没有被普遍接受的诊断标准。初始检查包括实验室检查和腹部 X 线检查。如果没有胰腺钙化,则建议进行有专门程序的胰腺计算机断层扫描(CT;涉及进行影像重建的胰腺 CT)。若不具备胰腺 CT 扫描条件,可将经皮腹部超声检查作为初始检查手段。
若仍无法确诊,则应请胃肠病学专家会诊指导进行进一步检查,包括磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)(对轻中度胰腺炎敏感度低),超声内镜(EUS)(敏感度高但特异度低),内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)(但会对患者造成风险),若有条件还可行直接胰腺功能检测。
EUS诊断早期慢性胰腺炎的特异度不肯定,但与ERCP相比,EUS具有费用低廉、创伤小且可能发现早期病变等优势,因此更多被用于慢性胰腺炎的诊断中。[106]Kahl S, Glasbrenner B, Leodolter A, et al. EUS in the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Apr;55(4):507-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923762?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Raimondo M, Wallace MB. Diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic ultrasound. Are we there yet? JOP. 2004 Jan;5(1):1-7.http://www.joplink.net/prev/200401/07.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14730117?tool=bestpractice.com
Cambridge分类法依据ERCP、腹部超声或CT检查发现的主胰管和分支胰管异常等胰腺结构异常,将慢性胰腺炎按严重程度分为以下几类:
1分(正常): ERCP/腹部超声或CT可见胰腺正常,无异常征象。
2分(可疑): ERCP发现少于3处分支胰管异常。 腹部超声/CT扫描发现主胰管直径2~4mm,或腺体1~2倍增大。
3分(轻度):ERCP 发现 3 处或以上分支胰管异常。腹部超声/CT 发现不少于 2 项的下述异常:胰腺空洞直径<10 mm,胰管不规则,胰腺局灶性急性坏死,胰腺密度不均,胰管壁回声增强,胰头/体不规则。
4分(中度): ERCP发现3处及以上分支胰管异常及主胰管异常。 腹部超声/CT发现与3分相同。
5分(重度): ERCP发现全部上述异常且伴有不少于1项下述改变,胰腺空洞直径>10 mm,胰管内充盈缺损,胰管狭窄梗阻,胰管扩张或不规则。 腹部超声/CT发现全部上述异常且伴有超过1项下述改变,胰腺空洞直径>10 mm,胰管内充盈缺损,胰管狭窄梗阻,胰管扩张或不规则,胰管结石或胰腺钙化,侵犯胰周脏器。
可靠诊断轻中度慢性胰腺炎是该分类方法的主要优势。 而EUS诊断慢性胰腺炎的准确性仍需进一步研究证实。
要帮助确诊,临床医生可能会使用若干诊断一致性较高的临床诊断标准中的任何一个。[108]Reddy NG, Nangia S, DiMagno MJ. The chronic pancreatitis international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification code 577.1 is inaccurate compared with criterion-standard clinical diagnostic scoring systems. Pancreas. 2016 Oct;45(9):1276-81.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5021551/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776047?tool=bestpractice.com 其中包括 Ammann 标准(Zurich 工作组),[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com 它是梅奥医学中心设计的包含多种评分系统的诊断标准,[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Raimondo M, Imoto M, DiMagno EP. Rapid endoscopic secretin stimulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017660?tool=bestpractice.com M-ANNHEIM 标准[111]Schneider A, Löhr JM, Singer MV. The M-ANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis: introduction of a unifying classification system based on a review of previous classifications of the disease. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;42(2):101-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351799?tool=bestpractice.com (Ammann 标准的修订版本[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com)或日本胰腺学会指南。[112]Homma T, Harada H, Koizumi M. Diagnostic criteria of chronic pancreatitis by the Japan Pancreas Society. Pancreas. 1997 Jul;15(1):14-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211487?tool=bestpractice.com 通常,可疑的轻中度慢性胰腺炎患者需通过长期随访而最终确诊。
Amman标准(Zurich工作组)包括复发性胰腺炎症状及1项下述改变:[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com
梅奥医学中心针对慢性胰腺炎的评分系统[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Raimondo M, Imoto M, DiMagno EP. Rapid endoscopic secretin stimulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017660?tool=bestpractice.com 主要用于流行病学研究。 依据该标准,慢性胰腺炎的诊断基于对胰腺形态和功能改变的评分,4分或以上者可诊断为慢性胰腺炎。 该诊断标准具体如下(括号内为相应评分值):
胰腺钙化:明确(4),可疑(2)
组织学改变:明确(4),可疑(2)
脂肪泻或脂肪酶与实验室正常均值相比,低<两个标准差(2)
依据Cambridge分类法,ERCP、CT或MRCP检查发现的胰管异常评分3~5分(3)
主要临床症状标准:上腹痛或12个月内体重下降超过10 kg(2)
糖尿病(空腹血糖>140 mg/dL)(1)。
M-ANNHEIM 标准[111]Schneider A, Löhr JM, Singer MV. The M-ANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis: introduction of a unifying classification system based on a review of previous classifications of the disease. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;42(2):101-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351799?tool=bestpractice.com (Ammann 标准的修订版本[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com)和日本胰腺协会(JPS)提出的诊断标准均与Ammann标准对慢性胰腺炎患者临床症状和辅助检查的评估类似,仅在定义胰腺炎诊断可靠性级别(如确诊、疑诊等)上存在差异。 M-ANNHEIM标准与Ammann标准对胰腺结构改变和功能损伤的4项评估标准相同,然而对临床症状的评估标准更宽泛。 典型腹痛可能取代复发性急性胰腺炎症状,若要诊断原发性无痛性胰腺炎,则无需上述症状。 M-ANNHEIM评分系统对慢性胰腺炎临床严重程度的分级标准与梅奥医学中心的评分系统类似。[30]Layer P, Yamamoto H, Kalthoff L, et al. The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Nov;107(5):1481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926511?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Raimondo M, Imoto M, DiMagno EP. Rapid endoscopic secretin stimulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017660?tool=bestpractice.com JPS对确定性慢性胰腺炎的标准与Ammann和M-ANNHEIM标准类似,只是对临床症状评估和胰腺外分泌功能障碍评估的定义有所差别。[29]Mullhaupt B, Truninger K, Ammann R. Impact of etiology on the painful early stage of chronic pancreatitis: a long-term prospective study. Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315124?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997 Apr;14(3):215-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094150?tool=bestpractice.com 该诊断标准需要符合至少1项临床症状(慢性腹痛、复发性急性胰腺炎、体重下降或油便)并存在1项下述改变:
值得注意的是,这些诊断标准并未对胰腺炎的严重程度进行分级,并且将梗阻性胰腺炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎和肿瘤形成性胰腺炎等排除在慢性胰腺炎定义之外。
JPS,梅奥医学中心和全世界相关专家共同制订了自身免疫性胰腺炎的诊断共识。[14]Okazaki K, Kawa S, Kamisawa T, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria of autoimmune pancreatitis: revised proposal. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;41(7):626-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932998?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1010-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843735?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, Frulloni L, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis: guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology. Pancreas. 2011 Apr;40(3):352-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412117?tool=bestpractice.com 有关自身免疫性胰腺炎的 JPS 诊断标准[14]Okazaki K, Kawa S, Kamisawa T, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria of autoimmune pancreatitis: revised proposal. J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;41(7):626-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932998?tool=bestpractice.com 要求必须在超声、CT 和/或 MRI 中发现以下影像学诊断结果:
主胰管狭窄伴管壁不规则改变以及
弥漫性或局灶性胰腺肿胀,
上述影像学表现需同时合并1项下述改变:
应用上述诊断标准时应注意排除胰腺或胆管恶性肿瘤。
梅奥医学中心提出HISORt自身免疫性胰腺炎诊断标准,HISORt分别代表组织学、影像学、血清学、其他脏器受损以及治疗反应。 确诊需要符合至少1项下述改变:
2010 年国际共识小组同意了由其他学者详细描述[114]Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, Frulloni L, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis: guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology. Pancreas. 2011 Apr;40(3):352-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412117?tool=bestpractice.com 的两个自身免疫性胰腺炎 (AIP) 组织病理学亚型,[115]Zhang L, Chari S, Smyrk TC, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) type 1 and type 2: an international consensus study on histopathologic diagnostic criteria. Pancreas. 2011 Nov;40(8):1172-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975436?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012 Feb;22(1):21-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218969?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Deshpande V, Gupta R, Sainani N, et al. Subclassification of autoimmune pancreatitis: a histologic classification with clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011 Jan;35(1):26-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164284?tool=bestpractice.com 还同意了一套与梅奥医学中心标准类似的 5 项 AIP 诊断标准。[113]Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1010-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843735?tool=bestpractice.com Ⅰ型AIP属于IgG4相关的多器官疾病,胰腺组织学显示胰管周围淋巴浆细胞浸润、细胞基质炎性改变伴席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎。 Ⅱ型AIP是非IgG4相关的胰腺特异性疾病,组织学表现为粒细胞上皮性损伤。 Ⅱ型 AIP 往往伴发胰腺炎(与Ⅰ型 AIP 伴发的无痛性黄疸截然不同),发病年龄较早,且较Ⅰ型 AIP 而言更常与炎症性肠病相关。[118]Hart PA, Levy MJ, Smyrk TC, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes in idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis (type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis): the Mayo Clinic experience. Gut. 2016 Oct;65(10):1702-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085439?tool=bestpractice.com 两型AIP均对皮质类固醇治疗有反应,而Ⅰ型AIP易出现治疗后复发。[119]Sah RP, Chari ST, Pannala R, et al. Differences in clinical profile and relapse rate of type 1 versus type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul;139(1):140-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353791?tool=bestpractice.com
在诊断过程中也应注意鉴别诊断。 少数情况下,需要通过胰腺组织活检来达到鉴别诊断的目的,特别是鉴别自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌时。[113]Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1010-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843735?tool=bestpractice.com 其他检查选择包括血清学检测(抗核抗体、IgG4 水平)、检测 IgG4 阳性浆细胞的壶腹部活检、[120]Rebours V, Le Baleur Y, Cazals-Hatem D, et al. Immunoglobulin G4 immunostaining of gastric, duodenal, or colonic biopsies is not helpful for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Jan;10(1):91-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946123?tool=bestpractice.com 以及尝试使用 2 周皮质类固醇,[121]Moon SH, Kim MH, Park DH, et al. Is a 2-week steroid trial after initial negative workup for malignancy useful in differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer? A prospective outcome study. Gut. 2008 Dec;57(12):1704-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583399?tool=bestpractice.com 但是这些检查只能由专科医师进行,需要进行短期随访。
慢性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的鉴别诊断是一个主要的诊断难题,特别是对于有胰头肿胀的患者。为排除恶性肿瘤经常需要进行外科手术切除,以确保组织病理学检查的可靠性。即使在经验丰富的医疗中心,仍有 10% 的患者在手术切除胰腺时才通过组织学证据最终确诊。
对于确诊后第一年内出现急性胰腺炎首次发作的患者,或者对于新诊断慢性胰腺炎的患者,特别是那些年龄不小于 40 岁的患者,应考虑胰腺癌。 一项回顾性研究表明,胰腺癌患者中有近 5% 最初都被误诊为新确诊慢性胰腺炎,而有 11% 被误诊为首次发作的急性胰腺炎。[122]Munigala S, Kanwal F, Xian H, et al. Increased risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma after acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;12(7):1143-50.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2814%2900051-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440214?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Munigala S, Kanwal F, Xian H, et al. New diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: risk of missing an underlying pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov;109(11):1824-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25286967?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉穿刺和抽血的动画演示
胰腺功能和结构检查
胰腺功能检查包括直接和间接两种方法。 仅有少数医院具有直接胰腺功能检测的条件。该检测通过外源性激素刺激胰腺分泌功能,收集并检测胰液中酶或碳酸氢盐的浓度。 直接胰腺功能检测是诊断轻中度胰腺功能障碍和慢性胰腺炎的敏感度和特异度最高的检查方法。[124]DiMagno EP, Malagelada JR, Taylor WF, et al. A prospective comparison of current diagnostic tests for pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 1977 Oct 6;297(14):737-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/895803?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Bozkurt T, Braun U, Leferink S, et al. Comparison of pancreatic morphology and exocrine functional impairment in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 1994 Aug;35(8):1132-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1375069/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7523260?tool=bestpractice.com 对于胰腺影像学正常的可疑早期慢性胰腺炎患者,直接胰腺功能检测也可用于临床排除慢性胰腺炎(阴性预测值可达97%)。[126]Ketwaroo G, Brown A, Young B, et al. Defining the accuracy of secretin pancreatic function testing in patients with suspected early chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;108(8):1360-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23711627?tool=bestpractice.com 间接胰腺功能检测(如,检测粪便弹性蛋白酶-1)方法简单、无创,但对轻中度慢性胰腺炎诊断准确性低, 主要用于诊断重度慢性胰腺炎。[127]Otsuki M. Chronic pancreatitis. The problems of diagnostic criteria. Pancreatology. 2004;4(1):28-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988656?tool=bestpractice.com[128]DiMagno MJ. Pancreatic function tests. In: Johnson LR, Alpers D, Barrett K, et al, eds. Encyclopedia of gastroenterology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Science; 2003.
胰腺功能和结构检测仅能作为辅助性诊断方法,因为直接胰腺功能检测结果可能与ERCP[129]Braganza JM, Hunt LP, Warwick F. Relationship between pancreatic exocrine function and ductal morphology in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1982 Jun;82(6):1341-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7067955?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Mee AS, Girdwood AH, Walker E, et al. Comparison of the oral (PABA) pancreatic function test, the secretin-pancreozymin test and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in chronic alcohol induced pancreatitis. Gut. 1985 Nov;26(11):1257-62.https://gut.bmj.com/content/26/11/1257.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3877666?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Catalano MF, Lahoti S, Geenen JE, et al. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and secretin test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998 Jul;48(1):11-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9684658?tool=bestpractice.com 或EUS[131]Catalano MF, Lahoti S, Geenen JE, et al. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and secretin test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998 Jul;48(1):11-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9684658?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Chowdhury R, Bhutani MS, Mishra G, et al. Comparative analysis of direct pancreatic function testing versus morphological assessment by endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of chronic unexplained abdominal pain of presumed pancreatic origin. Pancreas. 2005 Jul;31(1):63-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968249?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wiersema MJ, Hawes RH, Lehman GA, et al. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with chronic abdominal pain of suspected pancreatic origin. Endoscopy. 1993 Nov;25(9):555-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8119204?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Raimondo M, Wiersema MJ, Vazquez-Sequeiros E, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) may not be as sensitive as previously thought to diagnose chronic pancreatitis (chronic pancreatitis): a preliminary correlation study with CCK pancreatic function test. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 April;53(5):AB69.[135]Zuccaro G, Conwell DL, Vargo J, et al. The role of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the diagnosis of early and advanced chronic pancreatitis (chronic pancreatitis). Gastroenterology. 2000;118:A674. 的结果不一致。