BPPV管理的初始步骤是患者教育和安抚。[34]Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al; American Academy of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline:
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139:S47-S81.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/139/5_suppl/S47.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973840?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.如果疑似外(水平)半规管或上(前)半规管BPPV的变异类型,那么说明需要转诊到三级医疗头晕诊所。除非后半规管BPPV患者有特殊的禁忌症,否则应该给所有后半规管BPPV患者实施颗粒复位操作(PRM)。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有高质量的证据表明,颗粒复位操作(PRM)与假操作相比,前者可增进BPPV缓解。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。复位操作是简单的,家庭医生和急诊医生可以很容易掌握它。[44]Munoz JE, Miklea JT, Howard M, et al. Canalith repositioning maneuver for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: randomized controlled trial in family practice. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53:1049-1053, 1048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17872784?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Chang AK, Schoeman G, Hill M. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of the Epley maneuver in the treatment of acute benign positional vertigo. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:918-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15347540?tool=bestpractice.com前庭抑制药物治疗不是一种有效的治疗选择。[34]Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al; American Academy of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline:
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139:S47-S81.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/139/5_suppl/S47.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973840?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Furman JM, Cass SP. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1590-1596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564690?tool=bestpractice.com[47]McClure JA, Willett JM. Lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of benign paroxysmal vertigo. J Otolaryngol. 1980;9:472-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6110782?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Fujino A, Tokumasu K, Yosio S, et al. Vestibular training for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Its efficacy in comparison with antivertigo drugs. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:497-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172700?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:有中等质量证据表明苯二氮卓类药物(劳拉西泮和地西泮)与安慰剂在缓解BPPV症状方面的疗效没有差异。[47]McClure JA, Willett JM. Lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of benign paroxysmal vertigo. J Otolaryngol. 1980;9:472-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6110782?tool=bestpractice.com前庭抑制药物治疗在缓解症状方面似乎比前庭训练的效果更差。[48]Fujino A, Tokumasu K, Yosio S, et al. Vestibular training for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Its efficacy in comparison with antivertigo drugs. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:497-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172700?tool=bestpractice.com没有证据支持在BPPV中常规使用的药物治疗。[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
教育和安抚
向患者解释BPPV无生命威胁性以及预后良好,有助于安抚患者,使其认识到BPPV不是严重的疾病。三分之一的BPPV患者在3 周内可自然恢复[50]White J, Savvides P, Cherian N, et al. Canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:704-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015173?tool=bestpractice.com大多数患者发作 6 个月内可自然恢复。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.
它是容易治愈的,在进行单一的PRM治疗后,超过70%发作的BPPV被成功治愈。BPPV缓解:有高质量的证据表明,颗粒复位操作(PRM)与假操作相比,前者可增进BPPV缓解。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,在治疗和未治疗的患者中均可能发生不可预料的复发和缓解。[46]Furman JM, Cass SP. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1590-1596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564690?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com继发性BPPV患者(例如,继发于前庭神经元炎的患者)应该被鼓励恢复正常的体育活动,以促进中枢神经系统(CNS)代偿。[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.
复位操作
后半规管BPPV的一线疗法是PRM,旨在清除受累的半规管的耳石碎片。复位操作被证明在治疗客观性、主观性、继发性和双侧类型后半规管BPPV时均有效。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有高质量的证据表明,颗粒复位操作(PRM)与假操作相比,前者可增进BPPV缓解。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。禁忌使用的指征包括重度颈椎病、不稳定的心血管病、疑似椎基底动脉疾病以及颈动脉重度狭窄。[46]Furman JM, Cass SP. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1590-1596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564690?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗BPPV的目标是避免数月的不适和事故风险。因此,不推荐对能够接受复位操作的患者进行观察,因为其操作简单、有效并且有高效益风险比。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com
PRM有几种变异类型,其中包括Semont(释放)操作、Epley 试验和 3 位置PRM。[51]Semont A, Freyss G, Vitte E. Curing the BPPV with a liberatory maneuver. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1988;42:290-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3213745?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;107:399-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408225?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Parnes LS, Price-Jones RG. Particle repositioning maneuver for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993;102:325-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489160?tool=bestpractice.com
3 位置PRM包括以下步骤:
让患者坐在检查台的末端。
头向受累的耳朵旋转 45°,然后迅速将患者置于仰卧位,头悬在检查台末端,低于水平面 30°(Dix-Hallpike体位)。
对第一阶段眼球震颤进行观察。
保持这个姿势 1 到 2 分钟。
头部保持在悬垂位置,头部向对侧耳朵旋转 90°。
接着继续将患者整个(头和身体)向未受累的一侧转动 90°,直至头部与初始的Dix-Hallpike体位呈180°。体位变化所花的时间应该小于 3 到 5 秒。
应立即观察患者眼睛,以了解第二阶段眼球震颤情况。当第二阶段眼球震颤与第一阶段眼球震颤在同一方向时,为有利的反应,因为耳石颗粒会继续向椭圆囊移动;当眼球震颤是在相反的方向时,为不利的反应,因为当颗粒从椭圆囊脱离,退回到它的初始位置时,该现象发生。无眼球震颤并不少见,可能表明混合的结果,如部分(不完全)BPPV缓解。
保持最后体位30 到 60 秒,然后让患者坐起来。如果操作成功,那么在坐着时应该没有眩晕或眼球震颤,因为颗粒将从后半规管清除,回到椭圆囊。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 颗粒复位操作(右耳)Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. 良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)的诊断和治疗。CMAJ.2003:169:681-693.获准使用 [Citation ends].
试验表明,所有提到的复位操作都是非常有效的。PRM是一种变异的Epley 试验,但更简单,通常不需要镇静或乳突振动。[52]Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;107:399-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408225?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Parnes LS, Price-Jones RG. Particle repositioning maneuver for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993;102:325-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489160?tool=bestpractice.com虽然PRM和Semont操作的机制和疗效相似,[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Salvinelli F, Trivelli M, Casale M, et al. Treatment of benign positional vertigo in the elderly: a randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:827-831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126738?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Cohen HS, Jerabek J. Efficacy of treatments for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:584-590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10201745?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ, Zee DS, et al. Single treatment approaches to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:450-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457308?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Mandalà M, Santoro GP, Asprella Libonati G, et al. Double-blind randomized trial on short-term efficacy of the Semont maneuver for the treatment of posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Neurol. 2012;259:882-885.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008871?tool=bestpractice.com但是在北美,大多数临床医生使用PRM,因为患者更舒适,操作更简单,尤其对超重和老年患者。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com有丰富的文献报道了PRM的短期疗效,多数患者在尝试了单次PRM之后就被成功治愈。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有高质量的证据表明,颗粒复位操作(PRM)与假操作相比,前者可增进BPPV缓解。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Helminski JO, Zee DS, Janssen I, et al. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90:663-678.http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/5/663.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338918?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Prim-Espada MP, De Diego-Sastre JI, Pérez-Fernández E, et al. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010; 25: 295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643039?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。操作后指导,包括PRM后体位限制,是没有必要的。[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Gordon CR, Gadoth N. Repeated vs single physical maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:166-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285773?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Devaiah AK, Andreoli S. Postmaneuver restrictions in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142:155-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20115966?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Toupet M, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A. Effect of repositioning maneuver type
and postmaneuver restrictions on vertigo and dizziness in benign positional
paroxysmal vertigo. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:162123.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/162123/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973168?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Mostafa BE, Youssef TA, Hamad AS. The necessity of post-maneuver postural restriction in treating benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a meta-analytic study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:849-852.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22588196?tool=bestpractice.com操作后指导效力:有高质量的证据说明,操作后指导(例如,严格遵守使用颈托和至少 48 小时的直立位)不是有效的。[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Gordon CR, Gadoth N. Repeated vs single physical maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:166-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285773?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Devaiah AK, Andreoli S. Postmaneuver restrictions in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142:155-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20115966?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。许多研究已经发现其没有任何益处;但是,Cochrane综述发现了其具有统计学意义的显著益处,[62]Hunt WT, Zimmermann EF, Hilton MP. Modifications of the Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD008675.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008675.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513962?tool=bestpractice.com虽然这可能并没有临床意义。 [
]In people with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), how do modifications of the Epley (canalith repositioning) maneuver affect outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.68/full显示答案
近日,已经研制出一个BPPV家庭治疗装置,其可以直观地引导患者进行颗粒复位操作的各步骤。[63]Bromwich MA, Parnes LS. The DizzyFIX: initial results of a new dynamic visual device for the home treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;37:380-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128643?tool=bestpractice.com
颗粒复位操作的不良反应
复位操作很少有不良反应。在治疗性操作中预期会发作BPPV。偶尔,在颗粒复位操作中,后半规管BPPV可以转变为外(水平)或前(上)半规管变异类型。[64]Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ. Complications of the canalith repositioning procedure. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:281-286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8607956?tool=bestpractice.com对这些患者,需要使用适当的操作治疗,或转诊到头晕专科诊所。幸运的是,外半规管变异类型具有很高的自愈率。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com
已有报道称在复位操作中会呕吐,特别是在外半规管变异类型中,[65]Froehling DA, Bowen JM, Mohr DN, et al. The canalith repositioning procedure for the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:695-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10907384?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者可能在开始后续的复位操作之前需要使用止吐药预防呕吐。
可能在一小部分的患者中会发生长期的自主神经功能障碍和平衡失调,前庭抑制药物对这些病例可能有益。
重复颗粒复位操作
有一种分歧,一些专家在每次就诊时仅进行 1 次PRM治疗,而其他人重复PRM直到在Dix-Hallpike检查中没有观察到眼球震颤。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐后一种方法,因为与将耳石从受累的半规管清除出去不同,在PRM之后不久眼球震颤反应没有出现可能仅仅是Dix-Hallpike检查的自然的易疲劳的结果。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com此外,就近期效果和远期复发而言,似乎每次就诊时单次与重复PRM治疗在疗效上没有差异。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Gordon CR, Gadoth N. Repeated vs single physical maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:166-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285773?tool=bestpractice.com颗粒复位操作(PRM)的疗效:有中等质量证据证明单次PRM与在一段时间内多次PRM一样有效。[58]Gordon CR, Gadoth N. Repeated vs single physical maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:166-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285773?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。建议将在一次就诊期间反复PRM尝试仅保留给有不利眼球震颤反应的患者,如在 3 位置PRM的第二阶段的非同侧方向眼球震颤(逆转或无眼球震颤)的患者,或在一次 3 位置PRM结束时采取坐姿时眼球震颤反转的患者。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com已证明不利的眼球震颤反应预示治疗不太成功。[53]Parnes LS, Price-Jones RG. Particle repositioning maneuver for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993;102:325-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489160?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Oh HJ, Kim JS, Han BI, et al. Predicting a successful treatment in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurology. 2007;68:1219-1222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420406?tool=bestpractice.com然而,可能需要多次就诊或一段时间,BPPV才能成功治愈。文献表明,多次PRM比单次PRM更有效。[50]White J, Savvides P, Cherian N, et al. Canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:704-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015173?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Korres SG, Balatsouras DG, Papouliakos S, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and its management. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:CR275-CR282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534234?tool=bestpractice.com
颗粒复位操作后的随访
如果在随访时Dix-Hallpike检查中没有眼球震颤体征和眩晕症状,那么BPPV发作已经消退。所有患者应该在治疗后随访 1 到 4 周。[34]Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al; American Academy of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline:
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139:S47-S81.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/139/5_suppl/S47.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973840?tool=bestpractice.com应该首先用Dix-Hallpike检查治疗侧。如果结果仍然是阳性的,应尝试另一次PRM或应考虑转诊到处理头晕的专科诊所。如果在随访时治疗侧的Dix-Hallpike检查是阴性的,应该对未治疗侧进行Dix-Hallpike检查,如果为阳性,应该在该侧进行一次PRM。
颗粒复位操作多次失败
如果在多次随访后PRM失败,那么说明需要及时转诊到三级医疗中心头晕诊所。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com然而,根据医生对BPPV和它的处理的经验和熟悉程度,可以在转诊前尝试其他复位操作。Semont(释放)操作与PRM的机制和疗效相似,是下一个选择。[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Salvinelli F, Trivelli M, Casale M, et al. Treatment of benign positional vertigo in the elderly: a randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:827-831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126738?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Cohen HS, Jerabek J. Efficacy of treatments for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:584-590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10201745?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ, Zee DS, et al. Single treatment approaches to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:450-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457308?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Mandalà M, Santoro GP, Asprella Libonati G, et al. Double-blind randomized trial on short-term efficacy of the Semont maneuver for the treatment of posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Neurol. 2012;259:882-885.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008871?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有中等质量证据表明Semont(释放)操作与对照组相比是非常有效的,[54]Salvinelli F, Trivelli M, Casale M, et al. Treatment of benign positional vertigo in the elderly: a randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:827-831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126738?tool=bestpractice.com但与颗粒复位操作相比,在成功率上没有显著差异。[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Salvinelli F, Trivelli M, Casale M, et al. Treatment of benign positional vertigo in the elderly: a randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:827-831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126738?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Cohen HS, Jerabek J. Efficacy of treatments for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:584-590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10201745?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ, Zee DS, et al. Single treatment approaches to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:450-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457308?tool=bestpractice.com一份来自美国神经病学学会的BPPV治疗分会的 2008 年的循证报告发现,Semont操作可能是BPPV的一种有效治疗。[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Semont释放操作(右耳)Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. 良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)的诊断和治疗。CMAJ.2003:169:681-693.获准使用 [Citation ends].
Semont(释放)操作被认为对治疗后半规管BPPV的半规管耳石症和嵴帽沉石病形式均有效。[67]Korres SG, Balatsouras DG, Papouliakos S, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and its management. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:CR275-CR282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534234?tool=bestpractice.com该操作包括以下步骤:
让患者坐在检查台(坐在检查桌长边的中间位置)上,他或她的腿垂在桌子边上。
向未受累的一侧转头 45°。在患者保持头部角度的同时,迅速将患者的上身置于受累侧的侧卧位置,头靠在检查台上,现在面向上。这可能会引起眼球震颤和眩晕,因为颗粒向半规管顶部移动。保持该体位直到眩晕和眼球震颤停止(1 到 2 分钟)。
将患者快速移到第 1 步的坐式体位,在保持相同头转动动作的同时将患者置于与第1步方向相反的侧卧位,这样头部靠在检查台上,现在面向下。眼球震颤反应在同一方向表明颗粒退出半规管。从步骤 2 过渡到步骤 3 依赖于惯性,因此必须非常迅速地完成。保持该体位直到眩晕和眼球震颤停止(1 到 2 分钟)。然后慢慢地将患者恢复到第 1 步的坐式体位。
如果在多次随访后PRM和Semont(释放)操作均失败,那么说明需要转诊到处理头晕的专科医生或三级医疗诊所。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com
复位操作无效、禁忌或不能耐受
[46]Furman JM, Cass SP. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1590-1596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564690?tool=bestpractice.com禁忌使用复位操作的指征包括重度的颈椎病、不稳定的心血管病、疑似椎基底动脉疾病以及颈动脉重度狭窄。如果在多次随访后复位操作失败,那么说明需要尽快转诊到三级头晕专科诊所。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com根据医生对BPPV和它的处理的经验和熟悉程度,可以在转诊前尝试其他治疗选项。前庭康复练习(如Brandt-Daroff)是下一个选择,有文献显示其有一定的疗效,但与PRM(包括Epley 试验)和Semont(释放)操作相比似乎不是那么有效。[2]Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003162.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003162.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485940?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Angeli SI, Hawley R, Gomez O. Systematic approach to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:719-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748567?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brandt T, Daroff RB. Physical therapy for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol. 1980;106:484-485.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7396795?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Brandt T, Steddin S, Daroff RB. Therapy for benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, revisited. Neurology. 1994;44:796-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190277?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有中等质量证据表明,Brandt-Daroff训练能有效治疗BPPV。[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Angeli SI, Hawley R, Gomez O. Systematic approach to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:719-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748567?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Brandt T, Daroff RB. Physical therapy for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol. 1980;106:484-485.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7396795?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Brandt T, Steddin S, Daroff RB. Therapy for benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, revisited. Neurology. 1994;44:796-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190277?tool=bestpractice.com然而,颗粒复位操作和释放操作是最有效的。[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
Brandt-Daroff练习如下:
通常指示患者做 20 次重复练习,每日至少两次。
最后,可以尝试眩晕习惯练习或正式的前庭康复练习。[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Angeli SI, Hawley R, Gomez O. Systematic approach to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:719-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748567?tool=bestpractice.com[71]McDonnell MN, Hillier SL. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD005397 [Epub ahead of print].http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005397.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581507?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Banfield GK, Wood C, Knight J. Does vestibular habituation still have a place in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo? J Laryngol Otol. 2000;114:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992929?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Steenerson RL, Cronin GW. Comparison of the canalith repositioning procedure and vestibular habituation training in forty patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;114:61-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8570252?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有中等质量的证据表明,与对照组相比,在 3 个月时前庭习惯疗法与颗粒复位操作(PRM)一样有效。[73]Steenerson RL, Cronin GW. Comparison of the canalith repositioning procedure and vestibular habituation training in forty patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;114:61-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8570252?tool=bestpractice.com一项Cochrane综述发现,对于单侧BPPV,与前庭康复相比,PRM在短期内改善头晕的治愈率方面更有效;然而,PRM与前庭康复相结合在长期方面是有效的。[71]McDonnell MN, Hillier SL. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD005397 [Epub ahead of print].http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005397.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581507?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
有禁忌症或不能耐受复位操作的患者,可能受益于在物理治疗师的监督下的前庭康复治疗。[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.也可进行改良的Brandt-Daroff练习或特定的前庭习惯练习。对于有颈椎问题或其他限制颈部拉伸的问题的患者,在PRM期间床倾斜 30°可以避免颈部拉伸。
对于患者而言,PRM比家里练习复健(比如,Brandt-Daroff)的艰巨性要小得多,家庭练习复健需要日常自我管理和长期患者依从性。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com应该指出的是,PRM和Semont(释放)操作可通过从受累的后半规管清理碎片来治疗后半规管BPPV的潜在致病机制。虽然Brandt-Daroff练习最初设计用来产生中枢性代偿,但是与Semont操作非常类似,因此可能在不经意间以同样的方式发挥作用。
使用前庭康复来预防BPPV复发的作用尚不清楚。对阵发性疾病(比如,BPPV)的前庭康复治疗并没有生理学基础:改善可能是因为安慰剂效应或引发BPPV的相关前庭疾病的康复。
颈部伸展受限的患者
对于有颈椎问题或有其他限制颈部伸展的问题的患者,有一种特殊的椅子叫做Epley omniax,其可以旋转和将患者定位在空间任意平面,而无需颈部运动。[74]Nakayama M, Epley JM. BPPV and variants: improved treatment results with automated, nystagmus-based repositioning. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:107-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025062?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有质量差的证据证明,Epley Omniax是有效的,在 1 次治疗后有 87% 的成功率,在多次治疗有 98% 的成功率。[74]Nakayama M, Epley JM. BPPV and variants: improved treatment results with automated, nystagmus-based repositioning. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:107-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025062?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。大多数患者不会需要使用这种复杂的技术,可以用简单的倾斜床来替代。通过将床向后倾斜 30°来进行PRM,可以避免颈部伸展。应该注意的是,30°的倾斜比想象的要大,而且患者有可能滑下倾斜床,所以需要谨慎小心。因此,虽然单个临床医生可以轻松进行大多数PRM,但是使用 30°倾斜床进行PRM时需要至少 1 位助手。
主观性BPPV
当Dix-Hallpike检查或仰卧侧向转头检查诱发典型的有潜伏期和持续时间有限的眩晕,但没有任何客观性眼球震颤时,视为主观性BPPV。这部分患者也对复位操作高度敏感。[15]Haynes DS, Resser JR, Labadie RF, et al. Treatment of benign positional vertigo using the Semont maneuver: efficacy in patients presenting without nystagmus. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:796-801.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12150609?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Tirelli G, D'Orlando E, Giacomarra V, et al. Benign positional vertigo without detectable nystagmus. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1053-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11404620?tool=bestpractice.com症状反应主观性BPPV:有中等质量的证据证明,颗粒复位操作在 93% 的患者中导致主观性反应。[37]Tirelli G, D'Orlando E, Giacomarra V, et al. Benign positional vertigo without detectable nystagmus. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1053-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11404620?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
继发性BPPV和双侧BPPV
复位操作在原发性和继发性病因的BPPV中都是非常有效的。[75]O'Reilly RC, Elford B, Slater R. Effectiveness of the particle repositioning maneuver in subtypes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1385-1388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942146?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gordon CR, Levite R, Joffe V, et al. Is posttraumatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo different from the idiopathic form? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1590-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477514?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有质量差的证据证明,使用颗粒复位操作治疗原发性和继发性BPPV的患者,有很高的缓解率。[75]O'Reilly RC, Elford B, Slater R. Effectiveness of the particle repositioning maneuver in subtypes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1385-1388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942146?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。虽然外伤后病因的BPPV比非外伤类型的BPPV更难治疗,更易复发,但它也非常适合通过PRM来治疗。[76]Gordon CR, Levite R, Joffe V, et al. Is posttraumatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo different from the idiopathic form? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1590-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477514?tool=bestpractice.com继发性BPPV缓解:有质量差的证据证明,虽然与非外伤性的形式相比,来自外伤事件的继发性BPPV(定义为有记录的头部外伤 3 日内眩晕)更难治疗,且具有更高的复发率,但是其也适合用颗粒复位操作治疗。[76]Gordon CR, Levite R, Joffe V, et al. Is posttraumatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo different from the idiopathic form? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1590-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477514?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。同时双侧BPPV通常是闭合性颅脑损伤的结果。[38]Kaplan DM, Nash M, Niv A, et al. Management of bilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005.133:769-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274807?tool=bestpractice.com当患者Dix-Hallpike检查双侧同时为阳性时,这种症候被确诊,这种疾病也适合通过复位操作进行治疗。[38]Kaplan DM, Nash M, Niv A, et al. Management of bilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005.133:769-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274807?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有质量差的证据证明,重复颗粒复位操作对治疗双侧BPPV可能有效。[38]Kaplan DM, Nash M, Niv A, et al. Management of bilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005.133:769-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274807?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。应该在初次就诊时治疗具有较强眩晕和眼球震颤反应的一侧,而另一侧应该不做处理,避免将耳石颗粒又移回对侧(原)后半规管。[38]Kaplan DM, Nash M, Niv A, et al. Management of bilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005.133:769-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274807?tool=bestpractice.com
手术选择
绝大多数BPPV会对复位操作有反应或者自发消退。BPPV手术治疗仅限于棘手的病例,在这种病例中尽管反复尝试复位操作和前庭康复练习,但是症状仍旧严重,功能障碍仍然存在。[77]Walsh RM, Bath AP, Cullen JR, et al. Long-term results of posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1999;24:316-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10472467?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Parnes LS, McClure JA. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:330-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2337310?tool=bestpractice.com对于对PRM有反应,但是之后不久就会不停复发的患者,如果其急切想得到一个明确的解决方案,而不是重复进行PRM,也可以考虑手术治疗。不到1%的BPPV患者需要手术治疗,[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com但由于BPPV是如此普遍,所以手术候选人的实际数量是不可忽略的。在接受手术之前,必须排除所有其他可能的诊断并对后颅窝成像。
有两种BPPV手术操作方式:单纯神经切除术和后半规管阻塞术。推荐的手术方法是后半规管阻塞术,因为在许多研究中这已被证明是一个非常有效的、安全的和可重复的技术。[49]Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:2067-2074.http://www.neurology.org/content/70/22/2067.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505980?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Walsh RM, Bath AP, Cullen JR, et al. Long-term results of posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1999;24:316-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10472467?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Parnes LS, McClure JA. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:330-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2337310?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Parnes LS, McClure JA. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion in the normal hearing ear. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104:52-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900630?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Agrawal SK, Parnes LS. Human experience with canal plugging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;942:300-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710471?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Pace-Balzan A, Rutka JA. Non-ampullary plugging of the posterior semicircular canal for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Laryngol Otol. 1991;105:901-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1761943?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Dingle AF, Hawthorne MR, Kumar BU. Fenestration and occlusion of the posterior semicircular canal for benign positional vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1992;17:300-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1526046?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Hawthorne M, el-Naggar M. Fenestration and occlusion of posterior semicircular canal for patients with intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Laryngol Otol. 1994;108:935-939.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7829944?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Anthony PF. Partitioning the labyrinth for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: clinical and histologic findings. Am J Otol. 1993;14:334-342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8238267?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Leveque M, Labrousse M, Seidermann L, et al. Surgical therapy in intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:693-698.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478200?tool=bestpractice.comBPPV缓解:有高质量的证据证明,后半规管阻塞术是有效的治疗,而且由于其疗效好,技术问题更少,重复性更高和听力受损风险更低,所以优于单纯的神经切除术。[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Leveque M, Labrousse M, Seidermann L, et al. Surgical therapy in intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:693-698.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478200?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。前提是,后半规管管腔的阻塞阻碍了内淋巴的流动,从而使壶腹帽固定。
预后是非常好的。一篇系统性综述发现 97 个耳朵中 94 个完全治愈,只有 4 个听力受损。[86]Leveque M, Labrousse M, Seidermann L, et al. Surgical therapy in intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:693-698.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478200?tool=bestpractice.com使用经过验证的眩晕残障程度评定量表(DHI)问卷调查发现,BPPV患者PRM治疗前DHI得分为 18.05 和 38.5,[75]O'Reilly RC, Elford B, Slater R. Effectiveness of the particle repositioning maneuver in subtypes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1385-1388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942146?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Lopez-Escamez JA, Gamiz MJ, Fernandez-Perez A, et al. Impact of treatment on health-related quality of life in patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24:637-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851558?tool=bestpractice.com而顽固性BPPV术前患者DHI评分为 70。[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com因此,许多专家认为顽固性BPPV是一种非良性疾病(有别于它名字所暗示的)。[86]Leveque M, Labrousse M, Seidermann L, et al. Surgical therapy in intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:693-698.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478200?tool=bestpractice.com最新的研究涉及 28 例后半规管阻塞手术,平均随访 40 个月;其发现所有患者术后Dix-Hallpike检查均为阴性,95% 患者DHI问卷结果显著改善,平均得分从手术前的 70,改善至手术后的 13,85% 满意自己的手术后体验。[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性 BPPV
复位操作成功治疗后复发是常见的,在治疗 40 个月内高达 50%,[88]Nunez RA, Cass SP, Furman JM. Short- and long-term outcomes of canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:647-652.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793340?tool=bestpractice.com在这些情况下说明需要进一步的复位操作。梅尼埃病(内淋巴积水)、中枢神经系统疾病、偏头痛和外伤后BPPV均有较大的复发风险。[21]Ishiyama A, Jacobson KM, Baloh RW. Migraine and benign positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109:377-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10778892?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Lempert T, Leopold M, von Brevern M, et al. Migraine and benign positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109:1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11130835?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gordon CR, Levite R, Joffe V, et al. Is posttraumatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo different from the idiopathic form? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1590-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477514?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Del Rio M, Arriaga MA. Benign positional vertigo: prognostic factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:426-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15100638?tool=bestpractice.com因此,所有的因素都表明,BPPV长期复发不是由于顽固的疾病,而是由该基础疾病(第一次引发BPPV的疾病)新的一次发作引起。尽管有足够的治疗但仍然持续性复发,说明需要转诊到三级头晕专科诊所。一些患者可以学习当他们的症状复发时,如何在家断续地进行复位操作。DizzyFIX作为BPPV家庭治疗的一个新型装置,对治疗BPPV复发病例可能是特别有用的。[63]Bromwich MA, Parnes LS. The DizzyFIX: initial results of a new dynamic visual device for the home treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;37:380-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128643?tool=bestpractice.com
专科转诊
在下列情况下,说明需要转诊到一个三级头晕专科诊所:[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com
无应答者
尽管有充足治疗仍多次复发
疑似外(水平)半规管和罕见的上(前)半规管BPPV的变异类型
非典型病例(听力受损、耳鸣、压力的感觉或耳胀满感的症状,由耳或颅内压变化引发的症状、中耳感染体征、在复位操作中奇特的眼球震颤特点、持续性眩晕或不稳定感)
有其他神经病学症状和体征的患者,可能需要后颅窝成像。
水平半规管 BPPV 和前半规管 BPPV
如果疑似水平半规管或前半规管 BPPV 的变异类型,表明需要转诊到三级医疗结构的头晕门诊。对于这些变异类型,的确存在手法复位操作。如果出现因半规管耳石症导致的水平半规管 BPPV,复位操作选择包括“桶滚法 (barrel roll)”、“滚木法 (log roll)”或“烤肉翻滚法 (barbeque roll)”(患者从仰卧位滚动至仰卧位,每次 90°)。开始时,面部和身体转向受累侧,呈侧卧位。之后面部和身体向后转动至中线仰卧位,并保持 1 或 2 分钟。然后面部和身体转至相反侧,并保持 1 或 2 分钟。再然后面部和身体朝向地面转动,确保患者转至俯卧位,并保持 1 或 2 分钟。最后,面部和身体再以同样的方向转回受累侧的原始侧卧位。
对于前半规管 BPPV,评估治疗性手法操作技术及疗效的研究比其他研究少。后半规管 BPPV 的颗粒复位操作或 Epley 手法似乎对前半规管 BPPV 有部分疗效。已经描述了“反式 Epley”操作手法。另一种方法为 Yacovino 手法,患者需要从坐姿转为仰卧,同时头部笔直向后悬垂(伸展)且不转动。随后患者头部屈曲,之后患者恢复至坐姿以完成该操作。在关于各种前半规管 BPPV 复位操作的文献中,成功率为 36%-100% 不等。[36]Anagnostou E, Kouzi I, Spengos K. Diagnosis and treatment of anterior-canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11:262-267.http://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.262http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022461?tool=bestpractice.com