患者需要对BPPV接受教育和安抚。[34]Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al; American Academy of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline:
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139:S47-S81.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/139/5_suppl/S47.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973840?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Effectiveness of treatments for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:1034-1040.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151355?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.三分之一的患者 3 周内可自然恢复[50]White J, Savvides P, Cherian N, et al. Canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:704-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015173?tool=bestpractice.com大多数患者发病后 6 个月内可自然恢复。[1]Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-693.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/7/681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517129?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Wackym PA, Balaban CD, Schumacher TS. Vestibular disorders and rehabilitation. In: Bailey BJ, et al., eds. Head and neck surgery - otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:1993-2010.应该让患者意识到BPPV是很容易治疗的,但应让其注意即使使用复位操作治疗成功后复发仍是常见的,因此可能需要进一步的治疗。已发表的文献中复发率有很大的差异,一项长期的观测研究显示,超过 10 年有18%的复发率,[92]Prokopakis EP, Chimona T, Tsagournisakis M, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: 10-year experience in treating 592 patients with canalith repositioning procedure. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1667-1671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148714?tool=bestpractice.com而另一项研究显示,治疗后年复发率为 15%,40 个月后复发率为 50%。[88]Nunez RA, Cass SP, Furman JM. Short- and long-term outcomes of canalith repositioning for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:647-652.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793340?tool=bestpractice.com尽管有足够的治疗但仍然多次复发,说明需要转诊到头晕专科诊所。
BPPV的复发是一个常见的问题。梅尼埃病(内淋巴积水)、中枢神经系统疾病、偏头痛和外伤后BPPV均有较大的复发风险。[21]Ishiyama A, Jacobson KM, Baloh RW. Migraine and benign positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109:377-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10778892?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Lempert T, Leopold M, von Brevern M, et al. Migraine and benign positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109:1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11130835?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gordon CR, Levite R, Joffe V, et al. Is posttraumatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo different from the idiopathic form? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1590-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477514?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Del Rio M, Arriaga MA. Benign positional vertigo: prognostic factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:426-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15100638?tool=bestpractice.com与对照组相比,在缓解后使用前庭康复训练不能防止复发或延长复发的时间。[93]Helminski JO, Janssen I, Kotaspouikis D, et al. Strategies to prevent recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131:344-348.http://archotol.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=648944http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837905?tool=bestpractice.com一些患者可以学习当他们的症状复发时如何在家使用复位操作。DizzyFIX是一种新的视觉模拟装置,设计用于辅助BPPV家庭治疗,对治疗BPPV复发病例可能是特别有用的。[63]Bromwich MA, Parnes LS. The DizzyFIX: initial results of a new dynamic visual device for the home treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;37:380-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128643?tool=bestpractice.com
BPPV手术治疗仅限于棘手和功能障碍的病例,在这种病例中反复尝试复位操作和前庭康复练习均告失败。[77]Walsh RM, Bath AP, Cullen JR, et al. Long-term results of posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1999;24:316-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10472467?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Parnes LS, McClure JA. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:330-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2337310?tool=bestpractice.com不到 1% 的患者需要手术治疗,[79]Shaia WT, Zappia JJ, Bojrab DI, et al. Success of posterior semicircular canal occlusion and application of the dizziness handicap inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:424-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500439?tool=bestpractice.com但由于BPPV是如此普遍,所以手术候选人的实际数量是不可忽略的。