血液通过这一血管连接从主动脉分流至肺动脉,导致了这种病理生理学变化。 临床影响取决于分流程度,而分流程度取决于体循环和肺循环动脉压差。[15]Rudolph AM, Mayer FE, Nadas AS, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus. A clinical and hemodynamic study of patients in the first year of life. Pediatrics. 1958;22:892-904.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13600917?tool=bestpractice.com 出生后,肺循环阻力降低,而体循环阻力不变,导致血液经导管从左向右分流。 分流的程度取决于体-肺的动脉血压比以及导管的大小。 如果为小型导管,且脉压与体-肺动脉接近,则分流量有限。 而较大的导管对血流的阻力较小,且由于新生儿期肺血管阻力骤降,因此开始时会有较大程度的分流。 这将引起左心室容量、左心室输出量增加以及肺循环过负荷。[16]Baylen BG, Ogata H, Oguchi K, et al. The contractility and performance of the pre-term left ventricle before and after early patent ductus arteriosus occlusion in surfactant-treated lambs. Pediatr Res. 1985;19:1053-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3840585?tool=bestpractice.com 肺部血流量增加会导致肺顺应性降低和呼吸做功增加。 随着前负荷增加,左心室扩大,且左心室舒张末压和左房压升高。 左侧血压的升高抑制了肺静脉回流,加剧了肺充血。 肺循环过负荷和体循环窃血对早产儿的影响更大。 肺血流量升高不仅会引起肺水肿,还会引起肺出血、[17]Kluckow M, Evans N. Ductal shunting, high pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary hemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2000 Jul;137(1):68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891824?tool=bestpractice.com 呼吸窘迫综合征和支气管肺发育不良。[18]Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: A North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999 Dec;104(6):1345-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10585987?tool=bestpractice.com合并症:前瞻性观察队列研究的中等质量的证据表明,早产儿的动脉导管未闭 (PDA) 与特定的合并症有关。[17]Kluckow M, Evans N. Ductal shunting, high pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary hemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2000 Jul;137(1):68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891824?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: A North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999 Dec;104(6):1345-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10585987?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995 Apr;126(4):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7699543?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Osborn DA, Evans N, Kluckow M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):33-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837865?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb;40(2):184-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699694?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Dudell GG, Gersony WM. Patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with severe respiratory disease. J Pediatr. 1984 Jun;104(6):915-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6726527?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 全身灌注降低可能导致患 PDA 的早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎及脑室内出血的发病率升高。合并症:前瞻性观察队列研究的中等质量的证据表明,早产儿的动脉导管未闭 (PDA) 与特定的合并症有关。[17]Kluckow M, Evans N. Ductal shunting, high pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary hemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2000 Jul;137(1):68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891824?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: A North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999 Dec;104(6):1345-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10585987?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995 Apr;126(4):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7699543?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Osborn DA, Evans N, Kluckow M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):33-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837865?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb;40(2):184-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699694?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Dudell GG, Gersony WM. Patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with severe respiratory disease. J Pediatr. 1984 Jun;104(6):915-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6726527?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 此外,大型 PDA 可通过降低舒张压影响心肌灌注。 这可与代偿性心动过速引起的舒张时间缩短共同作用,导致冠状动脉血流量减少。[23]Hoffman JI, Buckberg GD. Regional myocardial ischemia: causes, prediction, and prevention. Vasc Surg. 1974;18:115-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4827320?tool=bestpractice.com