早产儿治疗的主要目标是防止继发于血流动力学不稳定的疾病和死亡,以及呼吸窘迫综合征和坏死性小肠结肠炎等并发症。[19]Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995 Apr;126(4):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7699543?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Osborn DA, Evans N, Kluckow M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):33-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837865?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb;40(2):184-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699694?tool=bestpractice.com合并症:前瞻性观察队列研究的中等质量的证据表明,早产儿的动脉导管未闭 (PDA) 与特定的合并症有关。[17]Kluckow M, Evans N. Ductal shunting, high pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary hemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2000 Jul;137(1):68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891824?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: A North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999 Dec;104(6):1345-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10585987?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995 Apr;126(4):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7699543?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Osborn DA, Evans N, Kluckow M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):33-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837865?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb;40(2):184-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699694?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Dudell GG, Gersony WM. Patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with severe respiratory disease. J Pediatr. 1984 Jun;104(6):915-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6726527?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 因此,早产儿和足月儿的治疗策略不同。
早产儿
对于如何、何时以及是否治疗早产儿的 PDA 仍存在很多争议。[45]McNamara PJ, Sehgal A. Towards rational management of the patent ductus arteriosus: the need for disease staging. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Nov;92(6):F424-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951547?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Laughon M, Bose C, Clark R. Treatment strategies to prevent or close a patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants and outcomes. J Perinatol. 2007 Mar;27(3):164-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17251985?tool=bestpractice.com 初始治疗选择包括使用吲哚美辛等环氧合酶抑制剂进行预防性治疗,当发现有症状的导管时进行药物治疗,或保守观察。虽然少数医疗中心报告了少数年龄<30 周的婴儿使用单纯液体限制和通气变化实现自发闭合的病例,但前 2 种方法的使用更为频繁。[47]Vanhaesebrouck S, Zonnenberg I, Vandervoort P, et al. Conservative treatment for patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Jul;92(4):F244-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17213270?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Bell EF, Acarregui MJ. Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD000503.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000503.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473815?tool=bestpractice.comPDA 和坏死性小肠结肠炎的风险:高质量的证据表明,通过限制水的摄入对早产儿进行保守治疗,可降低 PDA 和坏死性小肠结肠炎的风险,且不会使出现不良后果的风险显著升高。[48]Bell EF, Acarregui MJ. Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD000503.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000503.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473815?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 一项研究在一个大型全国新生儿组中发现了多种治疗实践,该组中在第 1 日后接受预防性吲哚美辛治疗或吲哚美辛治疗的 PDA 早产患儿数量几乎相等,未接受治疗的患儿数量较少。[46]Laughon M, Bose C, Clark R. Treatment strategies to prevent or close a patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants and outcomes. J Perinatol. 2007 Mar;27(3):164-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17251985?tool=bestpractice.com
预防性吲哚美辛的使用包括在出生后当天出现 PDA 的临床表现前使用吲哚美辛进行治疗。 这一治疗通常适用于出生体重极低的婴儿(取决于治疗中心,<1300 g 或<1000 g)。 一项荟萃分析发现这一治疗计划确实降低了这一人群患PDA 的比率、PDA 手术结扎的需求、以及该人群心室内出血的比率。[49]Fowlie PW, Davis PG, McGuire W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614421?tool=bestpractice.com 但坏死性小肠结肠炎、支气管肺发育不良的发生率、死亡率、远期感觉神经发育并无差异。[49]Fowlie PW, Davis PG, McGuire W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614421?tool=bestpractice.com吲哚美辛治疗可闭合开放的动脉导管 (PDA):系统综述的高质量的证据表明,预防性使用吲哚美辛可提高导管闭合率并降低死亡率,但对发病率无影响。[49]Fowlie PW, Davis PG, McGuire W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614421?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
通常在出生的第 2 日或第 3 日,出现显著导管的临床证据后,使用吲哚美辛对早产儿进行治疗,且与安慰剂相比,吲哚美辛能够成功地闭合 PDA。[25]Gersony WM, Peckham GJ, Ellison RC, et al. Effects of indomethacin in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: results of a national collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1983 Jun;102(6):895-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6343572?tool=bestpractice.com吲哚美辛治疗可闭合开放的动脉导管 (PDA):一项随机对照试验的高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,吲哚美辛成功实现了导管闭合。[25]Gersony WM, Peckham GJ, Ellison RC, et al. Effects of indomethacin in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: results of a national collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1983 Jun;102(6):895-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6343572?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 尽管某些中心使用较长的吲哚美辛疗程(>4 剂,通常为 7 剂),但是并未证明这一较长治疗方案在成功闭合 PDA、再治疗需求、手术结扎需求、诸如死亡等治疗结局以及共病(例如慢性肺疾病或坏死性小肠结肠炎)发生率等方面有显著差异。[50]Herrera C, Holberton J, Davis P. Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003480.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003480.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443527?tool=bestpractice.com吲哚美辛治疗的持续时间:一项系统综述的高质量的证据表明,吲哚美辛疗程长短在导管闭合、死亡率及发病率方面并无显著差异。[50]Herrera C, Holberton J, Davis P. Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003480.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003480.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443527?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 如果第一疗程的吲哚美辛治疗不成功,通常会给予第二疗程的治疗。现已证明,脑利钠肽 (B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP) 引导的治疗能够减少吲哚美辛治疗婴儿 PDA 的初始给药次数。吲哚美辛治疗的初始剂量:中等质量证据表明,BNP 引导的治疗能够减少吲哚美辛的初始给药剂数,且不会显著增加患儿的PDA 持续存在或相关疾病的风险。[51]Attridge JT, Kaufman DA, Lim DS, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations to guide treatment of patent ductus arteriosus. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009 May;94(3):F178-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981033?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在这项研究中,不给予后续的吲哚美辛(首次给药 12 小时或 24 小时后 BNP 水平<100时),并未发现两组的持续性PDA存在差异。[51]Attridge JT, Kaufman DA, Lim DS, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations to guide treatment of patent ductus arteriosus. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009 May;94(3):F178-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981033?tool=bestpractice.com
布洛芬替代吲哚美辛用于这一人群的 PDA治疗也备受关注。[52]Aranda JV, Clyman R, Cox B, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on intravenous ibuprofen L-lysine for the early closure of nonsymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus within 72 hours of birth in extremely low-birth-weight infants. Am J Perinatol. 2009 Mar;26(3):235-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067286?tool=bestpractice.com 多项荟萃分析均未发现这两种治疗方法的 PDA 闭合成功率存在差异,但继发疾病的发病率有轻微差异。 一项荟萃分析对比了这两种药物的静脉给药剂型,发现坏死性小肠结肠炎或心室内出血的风险并无差异,但与接受吲哚美辛治疗的患者相比,接受布洛芬治疗的患者患慢性肺病的风险有所升高。[53]Jones LJ, Craven PD, Attia J, et al. Network meta-analysis of indomethacin versus ibuprofen versus placebo for PDA in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011 Jan;96(1):F45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20876595?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项荟萃分析对比了口服和静脉注射的布洛芬与吲哚美辛,发现接受布洛芬治疗的患者患坏死性小肠结肠炎的风险较低。[54]Ohlsson A, Walia R, Shah SS. Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD003481.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003481.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633310?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项荟萃分析发现口服布洛芬与静脉注射布洛芬、静脉注射吲哚美辛一样有效,且在继发疾病的发病率方面无差异。[55]Neumann R, Schulzke SM, Bührer C. Oral ibuprofen versus intravenous ibuprofen or intravenous indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neonatology. 2012;102(1):9-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22414850?tool=bestpractice.com对 4802 名婴儿进行的一项 meta 分析显示,与静脉使用布洛芬和静脉使用吲哚美辛相比,高剂量口服布洛芬在降低血液动力学显著的 PDA 的发生率方面效果最好,并且坏死性小肠结肠炎的发病率没有增加,但未评估其他不良事件。[56]Mitra S, Florez ID, Tamayo ME, et al. Association of placebo, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen with closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018 Mar 27;319(12):1221-1238.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2676110http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584842?tool=bestpractice.com
值得注意的是,一项随机对照试验比较了口服对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬对早产儿导管闭合的疗效。 作者发现两组的导管闭合率并无差异,而对乙酰氨基酚组的高胆红素血症和胃肠道出血发病率有所降低。[57]Dang D, Wang D, Zhang C, et al. Comparison of oral paracetamol versus ibuprofen in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 4;8(11):e77888.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223740?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项研究将早产儿随机分配至口服对乙酰氨基酚组和布洛芬组,发现两组的导管闭合率、测得的安全性和不良治疗效果均无差异。[58]Oncel MY, Yurttutan S, Erdeve O, et al. Oral paracetamol versus oral ibuprofen in the management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2014 Mar;164(3):510-4.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24359938?tool=bestpractice.com 将对乙酰氨基酚作为标准疗法仍需进一步研究。 [
]How does acetaminophen (paracetamol) compare with other interventions for preterm or low birth weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2165/full显示答案
历史上,将手术结扎作为药物治疗失败或有药物禁忌症时的二线治疗。[59]Gross RE, Hubbard JP. Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus: a report of first successful case. JAMA. 1939;112:729-731.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6363741?tool=bestpractice.com 可对体重最低为600 g 的早产儿进行手术。手术结扎导管的成功率一般很高,相关的并发症发病率较低。[60]Koehne PS, Bein G, Alexi-Meskhishvili V, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants: complications of pharmacological and surgical treatment. J Perinat Med. 2001;29(4):327-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565202?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Little DC, Pratt TC, Blalock SE, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in micropreemies and full-term infants: the relative merits of surgical ligation versus indomethacin treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Mar;38(3):492-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12632374?tool=bestpractice.com手术结扎封堵 PDA:来自观察性研究(数量较少)的质量差的证据表明,使用手术结扎能有效治疗 PDA,且相关的死亡率和发病率极少。[60]Koehne PS, Bein G, Alexi-Meskhishvili V, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants: complications of pharmacological and surgical treatment. J Perinat Med. 2001;29(4):327-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565202?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Lee LC, Tillet A, Tulloh R. Outcome following patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 11;6:15.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16689986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689986?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 尽管一项研究确实证明早产儿有相对较高的晚期死亡率,但这被认为与这一人群的高风险相关,而非与手术本身相关。[62]Lee LC, Tillet A, Tulloh R. Outcome following patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 11;6:15.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16689986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689986?tool=bestpractice.com 也有一些研究调查手术结扎作为这一人群的一线治疗方法的有效性。[63]Malviya M, Ohlsson A, Shah S. Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD003951.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003951.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543527?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Clyman R, Cassady G, Kirklin JK, et al. The role of patent ductus arteriosus ligation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: reexamining a randomized controlled trial. J Ped. 2009 Jun;154(6):873-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19324366?tool=bestpractice.com手术结扎与吲哚美辛治疗PDA的比较:一项系统综述的高质量的证据表明,手术结扎和吲哚美辛治疗在实现导管闭合方面同样有效。[63]Malviya M, Ohlsson A, Shah S. Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD003951.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003951.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543527?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但目前的数据有限,无法充分比较这两种治疗方法。[63]Malviya M, Ohlsson A, Shah S. Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD003951.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003951.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543527?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In preterm infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus, what are the benefits and harms of surgical compared with medical treatment with indomethacin?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.632/full显示答案 一篇综述认为,与不治疗或药物治疗相比,预防性手术结扎的获益可能很小,不能显著降低死亡率和减少支气管肺发育不良。[65]Mosalli R, Alfaleh K. Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD006181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254095?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率、支气管肺发育不良和坏死性小肠结肠炎:中等质量证据表明,PDA 的预防性手术结扎并不会减少极低出生体重儿的死亡率或支气管肺发育不良发病率,但能显著减少 II 期和 III 期坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生。[65]Mosalli R, Alfaleh K. Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD006181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254095?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 另一项综述反驳了初始进行手术结扎可能降低坏死性小肠结肠炎发病率的假设。[66]Yee WH, Scotland J; Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ) Evidence Review Group. Does primary surgical closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in infants <1500 g or ≤32 weeks' gestation reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis? Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Mar;17(3):125-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3287088/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23449771?tool=bestpractice.com 目前越来越多地对适合的病例进行电视辅助胸腔镜手术结扎,效果良好。[67]Laborde F, Folliguet TA, Etienne PY, et al. Video-thoracoscopic surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus. Routine experience in 332 pediatric cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997 Jun;11(6):1052-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237586?tool=bestpractice.com电视辅助胸腔镜手术 (VATS) 封堵PDA:一项针对少量病例的质量差的回顾性综述表明,VATS 下 PDA 结扎成功。[67]Laborde F, Folliguet TA, Etienne PY, et al. Video-thoracoscopic surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus. Routine experience in 332 pediatric cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997 Jun;11(6):1052-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237586?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
足月儿和儿童
这一群体的治疗目标为缓解或预防心力衰竭,以及预防显著分流导致的肺动脉高压。 当分流较小或患沉默型PDA时,治疗目标为通过常规闭合PDA预防动脉内膜炎。 但仍然存在争议。 有症状的婴儿或儿童通常需要尽快闭合导管。 在新生儿期之后出现症状的患儿,可能因体重过轻而无法接受经皮介入封堵术。 如患儿的体重增长足够,则可使用暂时性的呋塞米利尿疗法,以改善症状,使患者能够长到可以接受经皮干预的体型。
如果这类患者的体型合适,则一线治疗方法为导管介入封堵术,因为这种方法可避免手术,且通常只需住院一天或一晚即可完成。 已安全接受介入封堵术的患者,最低年龄为 6 个月,最小体重为5 kg。[68]Butera G, De Rosa G, Chessa M, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer duct occluder in very young symptomatic children. Heart. 2004 Dec;90(12):1467-70.http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/12/1467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547030?tool=bestpractice.com经导管介入封堵PDA:一项小样本病例的质量差的证据表明,经导管封堵对较小婴儿的 PDA 有效。[68]Butera G, De Rosa G, Chessa M, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer duct occluder in very young symptomatic children. Heart. 2004 Dec;90(12):1467-70.http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/12/1467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547030?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 经导管介入封堵术通常也适用于小型或中型导管,但是新型的器械已能治疗较大的导管,且疗效日渐改善。[69]Masura J, Walsh KP, Thanopoulous B, et al. Catheter closure of moderate- to large-sized patent ductus arteriosus using the new Amplatzer duct occluder: immediate and short-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 15;31(4):878-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9525563?tool=bestpractice.com 如果婴儿无症状,则通常在接近 1 岁时给予治疗。 如果儿童>1 岁,可以在确诊后安排治疗,择期或按需进行治疗取决于他们的症状以及左心负荷是否过重。 这一治疗方式有>95% 的极高成功率,未造成过死亡,且几乎没有并发症。[70]Masura J, Tittel P, Gavora P, et al. Long-term outcome of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure using Amplatzer duct occluders. Am Heart J. 2006 Mar;151(3):755.e7-755.e10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504649?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Magee AG, Huggon IC, Seed PT, et al. Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial duct; results of the European Registry. Eur Heart J. 2001 Oct;22(19):1817-21.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/22/19/1817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11549304?tool=bestpractice.com 并发症可包括弹簧圈栓塞、器械周围持续湍流以及残余漏。[71]Magee AG, Huggon IC, Seed PT, et al. Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial duct; results of the European Registry. Eur Heart J. 2001 Oct;22(19):1817-21.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/22/19/1817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11549304?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Al-Ata J, Arfi AM, Hussain A, et al. The efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer ductal occluder in young children and infants. Cardiol Young. 2005 Jun;15(3):279-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15865830?tool=bestpractice.com 较小的儿童更易出现并发症。[72]Al-Ata J, Arfi AM, Hussain A, et al. The efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer ductal occluder in young children and infants. Cardiol Young. 2005 Jun;15(3):279-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15865830?tool=bestpractice.com 多种器械可用于导管封堵,而器械的选择通常取决于导管的形态。[73]Grifka RG. Transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004 Apr;61(4):554-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065157?tool=bestpractice.com
足月儿和儿童的手术结扎通常适用于无法使用经导管介入封堵的大型导管、或有症状婴儿的体型和解剖学形态太小,无法接受经导管介入封堵术的情况。 但是,临床医生和医疗机构对经导管介入封堵术的适宜年龄的界定存在差异。[68]Butera G, De Rosa G, Chessa M, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer duct occluder in very young symptomatic children. Heart. 2004 Dec;90(12):1467-70.http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/12/1467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547030?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Fischer G, Stieh J, Uebing A, et al. Transcatheter closure of persistent ductus arteriosus in infants using the Amplatzer duct occluder. Heart. 2001 Oct;86(4):444-7.http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/86/4/444http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559687?tool=bestpractice.com
成人
存在显著左向右分流和/或肺动脉高压的某些 PDA 成人患者,可能需要接受封堵治疗。若未合并过高的肺血管阻力,提倡采用手术或导管进行封堵。[39]Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2010 Dec;31(23):2915-57.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/23/2915.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801927?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Fisher RG, Moodie DS, Sterba R, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in adults--long-term follow-up: nonsurgical versus surgical treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Aug;8(2):280-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2942590?tool=bestpractice.com 目前,大多数人提倡对存在小型至中型开放导管的成人进行经导管介入封堵,该方法已被证明对这一年龄组的患者安全有效。[76]Hong TE, Hellenbrand WE, Hijazi ZM, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in adults using the Amplatzer duct occluder: initial results and follow-up. Indian Heart J. 2002 Jul-Aug;54(4):384-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462665?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Pas D, Missault L, Hollanders G, et al. Persistent ductus arteriosus in the adult: clinical features and experience with percutaneous closure. Acta Cardiol. 2002 Aug;57(4):275-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12222696?tool=bestpractice.com成年患者经导管介入封堵 PDA:小型回顾性综述的质量差的证据表明,经导管介入可成功封堵成年患者的PDA。[76]Hong TE, Hellenbrand WE, Hijazi ZM, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in adults using the Amplatzer duct occluder: initial results and follow-up. Indian Heart J. 2002 Jul-Aug;54(4):384-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462665?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Pas D, Missault L, Hollanders G, et al. Persistent ductus arteriosus in the adult: clinical features and experience with percutaneous closure. Acta Cardiol. 2002 Aug;57(4):275-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12222696?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 对于导管开放较大的成人,由于考虑到导管组织的脆性,一些中心应用手术结扎对其进行治疗,结果良好。[78]Yilmaz AT, Yorulmaz FM, Ozturk OY, et al. Ligation in adult persistent ductus arteriosus. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1991 Sep-Oct;32(5):575-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939318?tool=bestpractice.com成年患者电视辅助胸腔镜手术 (VATS) 封堵PDA:一项小型回顾性研究的质量差的证据表明,VATS 下成年患者 PDA 结扎成功。[78]Yilmaz AT, Yorulmaz FM, Ozturk OY, et al. Ligation in adult persistent ductus arteriosus. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1991 Sep-Oct;32(5):575-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1939318?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。