慢性滑膜炎(表现为滑膜液增多和滑膜增厚)在所有类型的幼年特发性关节炎患者中都很常见。
滑膜组织中含有的各种炎症细胞,包括中性粒细胞、浆细胞、树突细胞和高比例的活化的 T 细胞。[23]Forre O, Dobloug JH, Natvig JB. Augmented numbers of HLA-DR-positive T lymphocytes in the synovial fluid and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: in vivo-activated T lymphocytes are potent stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Scand J Immunol. 1982;15:227-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6213027?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Konttinen YT, Bergroth V, Kunnamo I, et al. The value of biopsy in patients with monarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:47-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3511921?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Silverman ED, Isacovics B, Petsche D, et al. Synovial fluid cells in juvenile arthritis: evidence of selective T cell migration to inflamed tissue. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993;91:90-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1554635/pdf/clinexpimmunol00039-0092.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8093436?tool=bestpractice.com 目前认为促炎细胞趋化进入滑膜的过程是由选择性地吸引 Th1 T细胞的趋化因子介导的。这以促炎细胞因子产生为特征,例如白细胞介素 2、干扰素 γ 和肿瘤坏死因子 α。[26]Thompson SD, Luyrink LK, Graham TB, et al. Chemokine receptor CCR4 on CD4+ T cells in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid defines a subset of cells with increased IL-4:IFN-gamma mRNA ratios. J Immunol. 2001;166:6899-6906.http://www.jimmunol.org/content/166/11/6899.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359851?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Wedderburn LR, Robinson N, Patel A, et al. Selective recruitment of polarized T cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR3 to the inflamed joints of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:765-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10765921?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Wedderburn LR, Woo P. Type 1 and type 2 immune responses in children: their relevance in juvenile arthritis. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1999;21:361-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0010666778?tool=bestpractice.com 一些研究已经表明在 JIA 患儿的滑膜组织和滑液中以 Th1 细胞因子占主导地位。[29]Eberhard BA, Laxer RM, Andersson U, et al. Local synthesis of both macrophage and T cell cytokines by synovial fluid cells from children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;96:260-266.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534897/pdf/clinexpimmunol00025-0084.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8187333?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Gattorno M, Facchetti P, Ghiotto F, et al. Synovial fluid T cell clones from oligoarticular juvenile arthritis patients display a prevalent Th1/Th0-type pattern of cytokine secretion irrespective of immunophenotype. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997;109:4-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904718/pdf/cei0109-0004.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218817?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Murray KJ, Grom AA, Thompson SD, et al. Contrasting cytokine profiles in the synovium of different forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy: prominence of interleukin 4 in restricted disease. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1388-1398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9676774?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Ozen S, Tucker LB, Miller LC. Identification of Th subsets in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis confirmed by intracellular cytokine staining. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1651-1653.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9712118?tool=bestpractice.com 感染儿童血清中的促炎症细胞因子(包括 IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-2R、IL-8 和 sCD154)水平显著升高。[33]Prahalad S, Martins TB, Tebo AE, et al. Elevated serum levels of soluble CD154 in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2008;6:8.https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-6-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18507862?tool=bestpractice.com 这些观察结果支持使用直接拮抗 TNF-α、IL-1 和 IL-6 的生物制剂来治疗幼年特发性关节炎。IL-17 是一种强有力的促炎细胞因子级联反应和细胞因子核因子 κB 配体受体激活物 (RANKL) 的诱导物。幼年特发性关节炎患儿滑膜中的 RANKL 增多,并与骨吸收和软骨破坏有关。[34]Agarwal S, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Interleukin 17 levels are increased in juvenile idiopathic arthritis synovial fluid and induce synovial fibroblasts to produce proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:515-519.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203309?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Varsani H, Patel A, van Kooyk Y, et al. Synovial dendritic cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) express receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:583-590.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/42/4/583/1788196/Synovial-dendritic-cells-in-juvenile-idiopathichttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649407?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Lubberts E, Koenders MI, van den Berg WB. The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;7:29.https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar1478http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642151?tool=bestpractice.com
已经证实,人类白细胞抗原基因区的几种多态性与幼年特发性关节炎具有一致的相关性。人类白细胞抗原基因区与幼年特发性关节炎的之间的关联也已经被证实。[37]Prahalad S, Ryan MH, Shear ES, et al. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: linkage to HLA demonstrated by allele sharing in affected sibpairs. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:2335-2338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11037894?tool=bestpractice.com 在人类白细胞抗原 I 类基因区,人类白细胞抗原 A2 与幼年特发性关节炎(尤其是早发性疾病)相关。[38]Brunner HI, Ivaskova E, Haas JP, et al. Class I associations and frequencies of class II HLA-DRB alleles by RFLP analysis in children with rheumatoid-factor-negative juvenile chronic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 1993;13:83-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102807?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Murray KJ, Moroldo MB, Donnelly P, et al. Age-specific effects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA alleles. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1843-1853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10513798?tool=bestpractice.com HLA B27 等位基因与附着点炎相关幼年特发性关节炎相关。[40]Rachelefsky GS, Terasaki PI, Katz R, et al. Increased prevalence of W27 in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:892-893.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4544652?tool=bestpractice.com 少关节型幼年特发性关节炎与 HLA 等位基因 DRB1*01、DRB1*08、DRB1*11、DRB1*13、DPB1*02 和 DQB1*04 相关。[38]Brunner HI, Ivaskova E, Haas JP, et al. Class I associations and frequencies of class II HLA-DRB alleles by RFLP analysis in children with rheumatoid-factor-negative juvenile chronic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 1993;13:83-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102807?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Murray KJ, Moroldo MB, Donnelly P, et al. Age-specific effects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA alleles. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1843-1853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10513798?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Forre O, Dobloug JH, Hoyeraal HM, et al. HLA antigens in juvenile arthritis. Genetic basis for the different subtypes. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:35-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6401993?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Moroldo MB, Donnelly P, Saunders J, et al. Transmission disequilibrium as a test of linkage and association between HLA alleles and pauciarticular-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:1620-1624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751094?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Ploski R, Vinje O, Ronningen KS, et al. HLA class II alleles and heterogeneity of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. DRB1*0101 may define a novel subset of the disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:465-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457222?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:1183-1189.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/41/10/1183/1784374/Juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-classified-by-thehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364641?tool=bestpractice.com 等位基因 HLA DRB1*04 和 DRB1*07 可能是少关节型幼年特发性关节炎的保护因素。[39]Murray KJ, Moroldo MB, Donnelly P, et al. Age-specific effects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA alleles. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1843-1853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10513798?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:1183-1189.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/41/10/1183/1784374/Juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-classified-by-thehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364641?tool=bestpractice.com RF 阴性多关节型幼年特发性关节炎与 DRB1*08 和 DPB1*03 等位基因有关。[43]Ploski R, Vinje O, Ronningen KS, et al. HLA class II alleles and heterogeneity of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. DRB1*0101 may define a novel subset of the disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:465-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457222?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:1183-1189.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/41/10/1183/1784374/Juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-classified-by-thehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364641?tool=bestpractice.com 与成人类风湿关节炎表型相似的 RF 阳性多关节型幼年特发性关节炎与 DRB1*04、DQA1*03、DQB1*03 等位基因有关。[43]Ploski R, Vinje O, Ronningen KS, et al. HLA class II alleles and heterogeneity of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. DRB1*0101 may define a novel subset of the disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:465-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8457222?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:1183-1189.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/41/10/1183/1784374/Juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-classified-by-thehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364641?tool=bestpractice.com 证实 HLA 基因多态性与银屑病性关节炎或全身型幼年特发性关节炎 (SoJIA) 相关的报道更少。