应由儿童类风湿病专科医生进行积极处理,直到病情缓解。一旦病情缓解,就可由初级医疗保健提供者进行随访。
必要时,应优化饮食结构,应补充钙和维生素 D,尤其是长期使用皮质类固醇的患者。[61]Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. August 2009. http://www.racgp.org.au/ (last accessed 26 May 2017).http://www.racgp.org.au/guidelines/juvenileidiopathicarthritis[113]Thornton J, Ashcroft D, O'Neill T, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of strategies for reducing fracture risk in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with additional data on long-term risk of fracture and cost of disease management. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12:1-208.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta12030#/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284894?tool=bestpractice.com
使用萘普生的患者应有基线和每 6 个月一次的全血细胞计数、尿液分析和代谢检查(尿素氮、肌酐、氨基转移酶、胆红素和白蛋白)结果,这很重要。服用甲氨蝶呤的患者应每 2 个月检查一次全血细胞计数和肝功能。AST/ALT 水平升高到正常上限 3 倍以上时,应暂停使用甲氨蝶呤,在血清肝酶水平恢复正常后可再次使用。 [65]Pereira IA, Cruz BA, Xavier RM, et al. National recommendations based on scientific evidence and opinions of experts on the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders, especially in rheumatoid arthritis: results of the 3E Initiative from Brazil. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2009;49:346-361.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0482-50042009000400003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
对于处于早期阶段难以进行临床评估的关节,超声和 MRI 有助于监测关节炎活动度。轻微的生长发育异常可以随着时间推移隐匿地出现,因此监测是否出现双腿不等长、脊柱侧凸及颞下颌关节不对称是很重要的。
美国儿科学会指南指出,JIA 患儿的眼科检查的频率取决于关节炎亚型、ANA 是否阳性、发病年龄及病程长短。存在少关节型或多关节型疾病、ANA 呈阳性、6 岁或 6 岁之前起病以及病程不满 4 年的患者有高风险,需要每 3 个月接受一次裂隙灯检查。[110]Cassidy J, Kivlin J, Lindsley C, et al. Ophthalmologic examinations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1843-1845.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/5/1843.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651348?tool=bestpractice.com 英国儿童和青少年类风湿病学会 (British Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, BSPAR) 指南指出,必须在诊断后 6 周内完成初始筛查,对于风险最高的患者,在之后 6 个月应每两个月检查一次。一旦病情缓解并停用免疫抑制治疗,应重新开始每两个月一次的眼科筛查,持续 6 个月,之后再进入以往的常规筛查安排。[55]Davies K, Cleary G, Foster H, et al. BSPAR Standards of Care for children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1406-1408.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/7/1406/1785261/BSPAR-Standards-of-Care-for-children-and-younghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173199?tool=bestpractice.com