改善病情的抗类风湿药物 (DMARD)
DMARD 通常用于当疾病不能被常规的药物控制时。甲氨蝶呤通常是首先使用的 DMARD。对于多关节型幼年特发性关节炎,通常在起始治疗数月内就开始使用。有研究发现,72% 的患儿达到了美国风湿病学会 (American College of Rheumatology, ACR) 的儿科 30% 缓解标准。[64]Ruperto N, Murray KJ, Gerloni V, et al. A randomized trial of parenteral methotrexate comparing an intermediate dose with a higher dose in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who failed to respond to standard doses of methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:2191-2201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15248217?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,甲氨蝶呤治疗慢性幼年特发性关节炎是有效的。[65]Pereira IA, Cruz BA, Xavier RM, et al. National recommendations based on scientific evidence and opinions of experts on the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders, especially in rheumatoid arthritis: results of the 3E Initiative from Brazil. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2009;49:346-361.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0482-50042009000400003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en[66]Wallace CA, Bleyer WA, Sherry DD, et al. Toxicity and serum levels of methotrexate in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32:677-681.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2735961?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Wallace CA, Sherry DD. Preliminary report of higher dose methotrexate treatment in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:1604-1607.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1464876?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Reiff A, Shaham B, Wood BP, et al. High dose methotrexate in the treatment of refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13:113-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774090?tool=bestpractice.com治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,甲氨喋呤(每周低剂量给药)是一种治疗难治性幼年特发性关节炎的有效药物。[69]Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N, et al. Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1043-1049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549149?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 甲氨喋呤可使 15% JIA 患者的病情缓解。[70]Hayward K, Wallace CA. Recent developments in anti-rheumatic drugs in pediatrics: treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:216.https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291269?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究发现,与口服金制剂、D-青霉胺或羟氯喹相比,甲氨蝶呤能引起更显著的改善。治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,甲氨蝶呤的疗效显著优于金诺芬(口服金制剂)、D-青霉胺或羟氯喹。[71]Giannini EH, Cassidy JT, Brewer EJ, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of advanced drug therapy in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993;23:34-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235664?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
甲氨蝶呤可口服或皮下注射给药,剂量为 10-15 mg/m^2。为减少甲氨蝶呤的副作用,可使用叶酸。甲氨蝶呤用药前,应完善全血细胞计数、肌酐、肝功能和肝炎血清学检查。还应进行胸部 X 线检查。用药期间避免饮酒和妊娠是非常重要的。应每 3 个月评估一次全血细胞计数和肝功能。AST/ALT 升高到正常上限 3 倍以上时应暂停使用甲氨蝶呤,在血清肝酶水平恢复正常后可再次使用。[65]Pereira IA, Cruz BA, Xavier RM, et al. National recommendations based on scientific evidence and opinions of experts on the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders, especially in rheumatoid arthritis: results of the 3E Initiative from Brazil. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2009;49:346-361.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0482-50042009000400003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en 一旦医生考虑病情达到临床缓解,就可停用甲氨蝶呤。[72]Foell D, Wulffraat N, Wedderburn LR, et al. Methotrexate withdrawal at 6 vs 12 months in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in remission: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1266-1273.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185632http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371785?tool=bestpractice.com
来氟米特(一种嘧啶合成抑制剂)是公认的治疗成人类风湿性关节炎安全和有效的药物。已有一些临床试验证明,对于不能耐受甲氨蝶呤或该药治疗无效的幼年特发性关节炎患者,来氟米特作为二线 DMARD 药物是安全和有效的。治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,对于不能耐受甲氨蝶呤或该药无效的幼年特发性关节炎患者,来氟米特时有效的。[73]Silverman E, Spiegel L, Hawkins D, et al. Long-term open-label preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:554-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15693001?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,来氟米特可改善多关节型幼年特发性关节炎患者的临床表现;一般甲氨蝶呤更有效。[74]Silverman E, Mouy R, Spiegel L, et al. Leflunomide or methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1655-1666.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa041810#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843668?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在一项为期 2 年的开放标签扩展研究中,大多数对来氟米特治疗有反应的患儿仍持续存在反应。[74]Silverman E, Mouy R, Spiegel L, et al. Leflunomide or methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1655-1666.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa041810#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843668?tool=bestpractice.com 附着点炎相关幼年特发性关节炎的治疗通常使用柳氮磺吡啶,[62]Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA. 2005;294:1671-1684.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/201613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16204667?tool=bestpractice.com 但最近,肿瘤坏死因子 (tumour necrosis factor, TNF)-α 抑制剂已经被成功地用于该亚型患儿的治疗中。[70]Hayward K, Wallace CA. Recent developments in anti-rheumatic drugs in pediatrics: treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:216.https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291269?tool=bestpractice.com
叶酸和止吐药可用于减轻 DMARD 的副作用。
炎症细胞因子阻断
已经使用阻断相关炎症细胞因子(例如肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素-1 和白介素-6)的治疗。[75]Carrasco R, Smith JA, Lovell D. Biologic agents for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6:137-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15170361?tool=bestpractice.com 这些药物非常有效,可彻底改变治疗,但与安全性和有效性相关的证据有限。[76]Ilowite NT. Update on biologics in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20:613-618.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18698187?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Jonas BL, et al. Biologics for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:67-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570009?tool=bestpractice.com 特别需要注意的是感染风险、对疫苗的反应、可能的神经系统副作用和恶性肿瘤的风险。
TNF-α 抑制剂被用于治疗持续性疾病。通常不同的药物对不同的患者具有不同的疗效。由于这些药物存在免疫抑制的性质,对于反复感染、存在引起对感染易感的疾病或已存在脱髓鞘疾病或血液系统疾病的患者,应保持谨慎。[75]Carrasco R, Smith JA, Lovell D. Biologic agents for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6:137-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15170361?tool=bestpractice.com 结核、乙型肝炎或水痘带状疱疹的长期携带者容易出现疾病再活化。出于这个原因,推荐在治疗之前进行结核皮肤试验、病毒性肝炎筛查和水痘病毒滴度检测。[75]Carrasco R, Smith JA, Lovell D. Biologic agents for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6:137-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15170361?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,应避免在治疗期间接种活疫苗。[78]Yokota S, Mori M, Imagawa T, et al. Guidelines on the use of etanercept for juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Japan. Mod Rheumatol. 2010;20:107-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20087751?tool=bestpractice.com
依那西普是一种可溶性 TNF-α 受体激动剂,用于甲氨蝶呤无效或不耐受的患者。[8]Ravelli A, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet. 2007;369:767-778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17336654?tool=bestpractice.com 这是首个获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准用于治疗 4 至 17 岁多关节型疾病患儿的 TNF-α 抑制剂。[79]Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:763-769.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003163421103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10717011?tool=bestpractice.com治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,使用依那西普治疗多关节型幼年特发性关节炎患者安全有效。[79]Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:763-769.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003163421103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10717011?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 给药方法为,皮下注射,每周两次。对于附着点相关 JIA,该药也是有效的。[80]Horneff G, Foeldvari I, Minden K, et al. Efficacy and safety of etanercept in patients with the enthesitis-related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a phase III randomized, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:2240-2249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25891010?tool=bestpractice.com 关于安全性和有效性的证据是有限的。[77]Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Jonas BL, et al. Biologics for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:67-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570009?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:763-769.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003163421103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10717011?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Lovell DJ, Reiff A, Ilowite NT, et al. Safety and efficacy of up to eight years of continuous etanercept therapy in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1496-1504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438876?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Klotsche J, Niewerth M, Haas JP, et al. Long-term safety of etanercept and adalimumab compared to methotrexate in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:855-861.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926155?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,将依那西普用于 8 岁以上患儿是安全有效的。[70]Hayward K, Wallace CA. Recent developments in anti-rheumatic drugs in pediatrics: treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:216.https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291269?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Klotsche J, Niewerth M, Haas JP, et al. Long-term safety of etanercept and adalimumab compared to methotrexate in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:855-861.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926155?tool=bestpractice.com依那西普治疗多关节型幼年特发性关节炎患者的安全性和有效性:有中等质量的证据表明,使用依那西普治疗 8 岁以上的多关节型幼年特发性关节炎患者是安全和有效的。[81]Lovell DJ, Reiff A, Ilowite NT, et al. Safety and efficacy of up to eight years of continuous etanercept therapy in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1496-1504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438876?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 对于严重的难治性疾病,可将甲氨蝶呤作为某些 TNF-α 抑制剂的辅助治疗,已经发现这种治疗由于单独使用依那西普。[70]Hayward K, Wallace CA. Recent developments in anti-rheumatic drugs in pediatrics: treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:216.https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291269?tool=bestpractice.com
英夫利西单抗是一种嵌合型单克隆 TNF-α 抑制剂,通过静脉输注给予。[83]Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Cuttica R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab plus methotrexate for the treatment of polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3096-3106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17763439?tool=bestpractice.com治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,英夫利西单抗可有效治疗多关节型幼年特发性关节炎患儿,联合使用英夫利西单抗和甲氨蝶呤可提高治效。[83]Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Cuttica R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab plus methotrexate for the treatment of polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3096-3106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17763439?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 通常是在 0、2 和 6 周给药,之后每 8 周给药一次。[84]Lahdenne P, Vahasalo P, Honkanen V. Infliximab or etanercept in the treatment of children with refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an open label study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:245-247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12594111?tool=bestpractice.com 因为单克隆抗体存在与鼠源蛋白类似的结构,因此用药前需给予苯海拉明、对乙酰氨基酚和皮质类固醇治疗,以尽量减少输注相关反应。[62]Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA. 2005;294:1671-1684.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/201613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16204667?tool=bestpractice.com 甲氨喋呤可以用作 TNF-α 抑制剂的辅助用药,以提高疗效。如果同时存在炎症性肠病,甲氨蝶呤有助于避免人抗嵌合抗体的产生。[85]Sandborn WJ. Optimizing anti-tumor necrosis factor strategies in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2003;5:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602060?tool=bestpractice.com
阿达木单抗是一种重组人源化 TNF-α 抑制剂,可用于 2-17 岁多关节型疾病患儿的治疗。[86]Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Goodman S, et al. Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:810-820.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0706290#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716298?tool=bestpractice.com治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,无论是否联用甲氨蝶呤,使用阿达木单抗(皮下注射,每两周一次)治疗多关节型幼年特发性关节炎均有效。[86]Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Goodman S, et al. Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:810-820.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0706290#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716298?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在接受阿达木单抗和甲氨蝶呤联合治疗的患儿中,治疗 16 周之后,有超过 70% 的患儿出现至少 3 项美国风湿病学会 ( American College of Rheumatology, ACR) 核心指标改善 70%。[86]Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Goodman S, et al. Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:810-820.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0706290#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716298?tool=bestpractice.com 它对附着点炎相关 JIA 患者也有效。[87]Burgos-Vargas R, Tse SM, Horneff G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of adalimumab in pediatric patients with enthesitis-related arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:1503-1512.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.22657/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223543?tool=bestpractice.com
阿那白滞素为白介素-1 受体拮抗剂,能有效治疗成人类风湿关节炎。[88]Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:614-624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920396?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,它对一些幼年特发性关节炎患者也是安全有效的,特别是那些有全身型疾病的患者。[88]Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:614-624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920396?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Kalliolias GD, Liossis SN. The future of the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra: from rheumatoid arthritis to adult-onset Still's disease and systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:349-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321234?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Gattorno M, Piccini A, Lasiglie D, et al. The pattern of response to anti-interleukin-1 treatment distinguishes two subsets of patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1505-1515.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438814?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Ilowite N, Porras O, Reiff A, et al. Anakinra in the treatment of polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: safety and preliminary efficacy results of a randomized multicenter study. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:129-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18766426?tool=bestpractice.com治疗疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,阿那白滞素治疗幼年型类风湿关节炎是安全的。[91]Ilowite N, Porras O, Reiff A, et al. Anakinra in the treatment of polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: safety and preliminary efficacy results of a randomized multicenter study. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:129-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18766426?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 阿那白滞素目前被成功用于治疗一部分 SoJIA 患者。[92]Dückers G, Niehues T. The importance of biologicals in the treatment of SoJIA [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 2010;69:505-515.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20668866?tool=bestpractice.com 康纳单抗 (canakinumab) 是一种人类单克隆抗白介素-1 抗体,被认为能有效治疗存在活动性全身表现的 SoJIA;但还需要长期的安全性数据。[93]Ruperto N, Brunner HI, Quartier P, et al; PRINTO; PRCSG. Two randomized trials of canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2396-2406.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205099#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252526?tool=bestpractice.com
SoJIA 患者血液和滑液中的 IL-6 水平显著升高。[94]Mangge H, Kenzian H, Gallistl S, et al. Serum cytokines in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with conventional inflammation parameters and clinical subtypes. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:211-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848311?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Rooney M, David J, Symons J, et al. Inflammatory cytokine responses in juvenile chronic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1995;34:454-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7788176?tool=bestpractice.com 托珠单抗可以阻滞 IL-6(一种促炎细胞因子)的活性,而 IL-6 对 SoJIA 发病起着核心作用。托珠单抗为 SoJIA 的治疗提供了更多可用的选择,特别是对于接受常规后治疗效果不佳的患者。托珠单抗的耐受性相对良好,并且疗效被证实可长达 52 周。一项 III 期研究在评估托珠单抗治疗多关节型幼年特发性关节炎的疗效和安全性,但关于该药能否作为 SoJIA 的一线药物选择,还需要进一步的研究。[96]Decelle K, Horton ER. Tocilizumab for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:822-829.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589451?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Schoels MM, van der Heijde D, Breedveld FC, et al. Blocking the effects of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases: systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing a consensus statement. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:583-589.http://ard.bmj.com/content/72/4/583.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144446?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Brunner HI, Ruperto N, Zuber Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a phase 3, randomised, double-blind withdrawal trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1110-1117.http://ard.bmj.com/content/74/6/1110http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24834925?tool=bestpractice.com
阿巴西普 (abatacept) 是一种重组的、完全人源化融合蛋白,由人 CTLA-4 的胞外域和人类免疫球蛋白 IgG1 的 Fc 段融合而成。它用于治疗对 DMARD(包括 TNF-α 抑制剂)无反应或不耐受的患者,已被证明有效且长期用药安全。[99]Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Quartier P, et al. Abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial. Lancet. 2008;372:383-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632147?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Quartier P, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1792-1802.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27431/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20191582?tool=bestpractice.com 一项双盲、安慰剂对照 III 期临床试验显示,阿巴西普可以改善患者的健康相关的生活质量,为 JIA 患儿和他们的父母或照护者的实际生活带来实实在在的改善。[101]Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Li T, et al. Abatacept improves health-related quality of life, pain, sleep quality, and daily participation in subjects with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:1542-1551.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.20283/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20597110?tool=bestpractice.com