糖尿病是成年人群中最常见的病因。[6]GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 28 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919117?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Foley RN, Collins AJ. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Oct;18(10):2644-8.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/10/2644.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656472?tool=bestpractice.com 据估计,约 1/3 的糖尿病患者最终会出现肾脏疾病,其定义为在糖尿病确诊后 5-10 年内出现大量蛋白尿(白蛋白>300 mg/24 h)和/或肾小球滤过率下降至<90 mL/min/1.73m²。[12]Reutens AT. Epidemiology of diabetic kidney disease. Med Clin North Am. 2013 Jan;97(1):1-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290726?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Persson F, Rossing P. Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective. Kidney Int Suppl. 2018;8(1):2-7.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2157171617300606
高血压是第二大常见病因。[6]GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 28 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919117?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Foley RN, Collins AJ. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Oct;18(10):2644-8.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/10/2644.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656472?tool=bestpractice.com 通常在没有其他病因存在时,会将患者诊断为高血压性肾脏病。
其他不太常见的病因包括肾脏的多囊性病变(多囊肾)、梗阻性尿路病、肾小球肾病综合征或肾炎综合征如局灶节段性肾小球硬化症、膜性肾病、狼疮肾炎、淀粉样变以及快速进展性肾小球肾炎。[14]National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. United States Renal Data System, USRDS 2006 annual data report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. 2006 [internet publication].https://www.usrds.org/atlas06.aspx