这是一种经常到了晚期才得以确诊的常见疾病。据估计,世界范围内约有 11% 的成人患有慢性肾脏病。[3]Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Jan;41(1):1-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12500213?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Hamer RA, El Nahas AM. The burden of chronic kidney disease. BMJ. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):563-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16528062?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 6;11(7):e0158765.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27383068?tool=bestpractice.com 发病率在不断上升,目前认为与以下因素有关:人口老龄化;各种疾病发病率的增加,例如糖尿病和高血压,这也是成年人群中最常见的两大病因;[6]GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 28 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919117?tool=bestpractice.com 以及例如局灶节段性肾小球硬化等肾小球疾病发病率的增加。[7]Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar 7;12(3):502-17.http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/12/3/502.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242845?tool=bestpractice.com 黑种人、西班牙人以及家族成员中有确诊肾脏疾病的个体,相较于一般人群发病率更高。[8]Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population: third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998 Dec;32(6):992-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856515?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Freedman BI, Soucie JM, McClellan WM. Family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997 Dec;8(12):1942-5.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/8/12/1942.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9402097?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,曾患急性肾损伤的人群是未来罹患慢性肾脏损伤以及终末期肾脏疾病风险最高的群体。[10]Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar;81(5):442-8.https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)55323-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113526?tool=bestpractice.com