隐球菌病是由隐球菌引起的感染,它在环境中广泛分布。隐球菌属共有 30 个种,大部分临床疾病是由新型隐球菌格鲁比变种(血清 A 型),新型隐球菌新型变种(血清 D 型)以及格特隐球菌(血清 B 和 C 型)引起的。[17]Lin X, Heitman J. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:69-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16704346?tool=bestpractice.com新型隐球菌新型变种(血清 D 型)多在欧洲国家(如丹麦、德国、意大利、法国和瑞士)、澳大利亚和美国引起疾病。格特隐球菌(血清 B 型和 C 型)主要在热带及亚热带地区(如澳大利亚,巴布新几内亚,东南亚,中非和南南)引发疾病,因为某些桉树树种可生长在这些地方。新型隐球菌血清 A 型和 D 型和鸟粪相关,尤其是鸽子粪。[2]Perfect JR, Casadevall A. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002;16:837-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512184?tool=bestpractice.com鸽子可在鸟嘴、羽毛和腿部携带真菌,从而使全世界范围都分布有这些菌株。新型隐球菌已从几个树种的中心木质中分离到。[4]Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:141-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18365996?tool=bestpractice.com
在免疫功能受损的患者中,大部分感染是由新型隐球菌引起的,而格特隐球菌更常见地在免疫功能正常的人群中发现。[1]Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984867?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:141-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18365996?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:17258-17263.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15572442http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572442?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, et al. Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. QJM. 2006;99:143-151.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/3/143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504989?tool=bestpractice.com[14]MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:42-50.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/1/06-0827_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370514?tool=bestpractice.com新型隐球菌可引起多种家畜和野生动物感染。[18]Jacobs GJ, Medleau L. Cryptococcus. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1998:383-390.非新型隐球菌在历史上被认为是一种腐生物,而很少被报道为引起人类疾病的病原体,但是在细胞免疫受损的患者中,非新型隐球菌引起感染的发生率有所上升,其中罗伦隐球菌和白色隐球菌共占 80%。[19]Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: a systematic review. Infection. 2007;35:51-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401707?tool=bestpractice.com
格特隐球菌感染的症状多在接触病原体后 2-11 个月开始出现。由于新型隐球菌可引起无症状的肺炎,其潜伏期尚不明确。引起严重症状的肺隐球菌病可见于感染格特隐球菌的免疫功能正常者。[14]MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:42-50.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/1/06-0827_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370514?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Lin X, Heitman J. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:69-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16704346?tool=bestpractice.com感染格特隐球菌的患者在 CNS 和肺部常有炎性包块和神经系统体征,并且需要手术治疗或延长的抗真菌治疗。[20]Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:28-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7578756?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管接触隐球菌并不少见,但常常是在免疫抑制的情况下才发展成有症状的疾病。器官移植、使用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制药物和单克隆抗体(如阿仑单抗和英夫利昔),特发性CD4淋巴细胞减少症,系统性红斑狼疮,糖尿病和血液系统肿瘤可引起免疫功能抑制,从而激活隐球菌的感染。[1]Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984867?tool=bestpractice.com
细胞免疫功能受损的患者获得隐球菌病的风险更高,特别是 CD4 细胞计数<100 个细胞/μL 的患者。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdfHIV感染和全球>80%的隐球菌病相关。[1]Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984867?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:449-454.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/2/449.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9878030?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associate cryptococcosis in France (1985-2001): comparison of the pre-and post-HAART eras. AIDS. 2004;18:555-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090810?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Friedman GD, Jeffrey Fessel W, Udaltsova NV, et al. Cryptococcosis: the 1981-2000 epidemic. Mycoses. 2005;48:122-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15743430?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Waters LN, Nelson M. Cryptococcal disease and HIV infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:2633-2644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16316302?tool=bestpractice.com使用高效抗逆转录病毒治疗 (HAART) 降低了隐球菌病的发病率,[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf然而,在 HIV 感染未得到控制的国家,以及 HAART 药物获取受限的国家(例如非洲和亚洲),隐球菌的发病率和死亡率仍然非常高。[9]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associate cryptococcosis in France (1985-2001): comparison of the pre-and post-HAART eras. AIDS. 2004;18:555-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090810?tool=bestpractice.com