隐球菌病

Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.

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Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:141-150.

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Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).

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Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.

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Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.

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Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008;38:496-520.

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Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:596-603.

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Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, et al. Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD005647.

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Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Rebe K, et al. Adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2012;26:1105-1113.

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1.  Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.

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2.  Perfect JR, Casadevall A. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002;16:837-874.

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3.  Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:690-699.

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4.  Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:141-150.

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5.  Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:17258-17263.

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6.  Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, et al. Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. QJM. 2006;99:143-151.

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7.  Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E66.

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8.  Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:449-454.

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9.  Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associate cryptococcosis in France (1985-2001): comparison of the pre-and post-HAART eras. AIDS. 2004;18:555-562.

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10.  Friedman GD, Jeffrey Fessel W, Udaltsova NV, et al. Cryptococcosis: the 1981-2000 epidemic. Mycoses. 2005;48:122-125.

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11.  Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).

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12.  Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, et al. Refocusing on a re-emergent disease: the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. In: Program and abstracts of the 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) 46th Annual Meeting; October 25-28, 1998; Washington, DC.

13.  Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, et al; the French Cryptococcis Study Group. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e21.

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14.  MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:42-50.

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15.  Vilchez RA, Fung J, Kusne S. Cryptococcosis in organ transplant recipients: an overview. Am J Transplant. 2002;2:575-580.

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16.  Pappas PG, Kaufmann C, Alexander B, et al. Prospective surveillance of invasive fungal infections (IfIs) among organ transplant recipients (OTRs) in the US 2001-2006. In: Program and abstracts of the 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September, 2007; Chicago, IL.

17.  Lin X, Heitman J. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:69-105.

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18.  Jacobs GJ, Medleau L. Cryptococcus. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1998:383-390.

19.  Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: a systematic review. Infection. 2007;35:51-58.

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20.  Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:28-34.

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21.  Waters LN, Nelson M. Cryptococcal disease and HIV infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:2633-2644.

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22.  Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:375-381.

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23.  Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:e12-e18.

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24.  Singh N, Perfect JR. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1192-1199.

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25.  Nakamura S, Izumikawa K, Seki M, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in late pregnancy and review of published literature. Mycopathologia. 2009;167:125-131.

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26.  Sirinavin S, Intusoma U, Tuntirungsee S. Mother-to-child transmission of cryptococcus neoformans. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:278-279.

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27.  Parkes-Ratanshi R, Wakeham K, Levin J, et al. Primary prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease with fluconazole in HIV-positive Ugandan adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:933-941.

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28.  Haddow LJ, Colebunders R, Meintjes G, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions. Lancet Inf Dis. 2010;10:791-802.

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29.  Young EJ, Hirsh DD, Fainstein V, et al. Pleural effusions due to Cryptococcus neoformans: a review of the literature and report of two cases with cryptococcal antigen determinations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980;121:743-747.

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30.  Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Bestrom JE, et al. Comparison of four assays for the detection of cryptococcal antigen. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19:1988-1990.

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31.  Chang WC, Tzao C, Hsu HH, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Chest. 2006;129:333-340.

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32.  Piyavisetpat N, Chaowanapanja P. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88:1674-1679.

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33.  Charlier C, Dromer F, Leveque C, et al. Cryptococcal neuroradiological lesions correlate with severity during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1950.

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34.  Wehn SM, Heinz ER, Burger PC, et al. Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in cryptococcal meningitis associated with AIDS: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13:756-762.

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35.  McMullan BJ, Halliday C, Sorrell TC, et al. Clinical utility of the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in a diagnostic mycology laboratory. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49541.

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36.  Jarvis JN, Percival A, Bauman S, et al. Evaluation of a novel point-of-care cryptococcal antigen test on serum, plasma, and urine from patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1019-1023.

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37.  Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.

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38.  Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Memain N, et al. Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS. 2005;19:1043-1049.

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39.  Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.

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40.  Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008;38:496-520.

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41.  Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010481.

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42.  Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:596-603.

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43.  Lewis JS 2nd, Graybill JR. Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:927-935.

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44.  Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, et al. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:336-340.

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45.  Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3065-3069.

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46.  Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, et al. Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD005647.

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47.  van der Horst C, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:15-21.

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48.  Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK; USPHS; Infectious Disease Society of America. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons - 2002. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Jun 14;51(RR-8):1-52.

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49.  Day JN, Chau TT, Wolbers M, et al. Combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1291-1302.

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50.  Boulware DR, Meya DB, Bergemann TL, et al. Clinical features and serum biomarkers in HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000384.

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51.  Rajasingham R, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001316.

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52.  Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, et al. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1069-1073.

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53.  Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.

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54.  Pappas PG, Bustamante B, Ticona E, et al. Recombinant interferon-gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:2185-2191.

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55.  Segal BH, Kwon-Chung J, Walsh TJ, et al. Immunotherapy for fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:507-515.

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56.  Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Rebe K, et al. Adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2012;26:1105-1113.

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57.  Oscarson S, Alpe M, Svahnberg P, et al. Synthesis and immunological studies of glycoconjugates of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan oligosaccharide structures. Vaccine. 2005;23:3961-3972.

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58.  Bicanic T, Wood R, Meintjes G, et al. High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:123-130.

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59.  Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ, et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1122-1131.

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60.  Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, et al. Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1726-1734.

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61.  Zonios DI, Falloon J, Huang CY, et al. Cryptococcosis and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86:78-92.

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62.  Sungkanuparph S, Filler SG, Chetchotisakd P, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:931-934.

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63.  Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:e128-e133.

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64.  Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, et al. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1756-1761.

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