使用伊曲康唑或氟康唑进行初级预防,可能对 CD4 计数<100 个细胞/μL 的 HIV 阳性患者有效。然而,由于隐球菌病很少发生、缺乏生存获益、潜在的药物相互作用、潜在的抗真菌药物耐药性以及费用问题,其通常不被采用。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf但是,无论是用于抗逆转录病毒治疗之前还是治疗早期,氟康唑作为一线预防用药是安全有效的。在隐球菌多糖抗原(Cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen, CRAG)筛查阴性的患者中,在等待抗逆转录病毒治疗(和治疗的前几周内)氟康唑预防性用药可预防隐球菌病,特别是对那些CD4细胞计数<100个细胞/微升的患者。[27]Parkes-Ratanshi R, Wakeham K, Levin J, et al. Primary prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease with fluconazole in HIV-positive Ugandan adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:933-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982529?tool=bestpractice.com在HIV感染者中,高效抗逆转录病毒(Highly active antiretroviral treatment,HAART)仍是预防新型隐球菌病的最佳策略。[4]Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:141-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18365996?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associate cryptococcosis in France (1985-2001): comparison of the pre-and post-HAART eras. AIDS. 2004;18:555-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090810?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, et al; the French Cryptococcis Study Group. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e21.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17284154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284154?tool=bestpractice.com目前尚无预防格特隐球菌感染的官方建议。