肺脓肿通常为多种微生物感染。龈沟内有大量厌氧菌,患牙周疾病时尤其如此,它们是主要病原体。最常分离的厌氧菌为消化链球菌、拟杆菌、普雷沃氏菌和梭杆菌。免疫功能正常患者的主要致病原是微需氧链球菌,也常常存在草绿色链球菌。[14]Marina M, Strong CA, Civen R, et al. Bacteriology of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections: preliminary report. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16(suppl 4):S256-S262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324128?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Bartlett JG. The role of anaerobic bacteria in lung abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:923-925.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/40/7/923/372179/The-Role-of-Anaerobic-Bacteria-in-Lung-Abscesshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824980?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL, Tally FP, et al. Bacteriology and treatment of primary lung abscess. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974;109:510-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4595941?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Davis B, Systrom DM. Lung abscess: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1998;18:252-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9779359?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Hanslo D, et al. The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms in acute community-acquired lung abscess. Chest. 1995;108:937-941.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)44802-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7555164?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16(suppl 4):S248-S255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324127?tool=bestpractice.com在糖尿病患者中,肺炎克雷伯菌与厌氧菌应被视为可能的致病原。[5]Wang JL, Chen KY, Fang CT, et al. Changing bacteriology of adult community-acquired lung abscess in Taiwan: Klebsiella pneumoniae versus anaerobes. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:915-922.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/40/7/915/372094/Changing-Bacteriology-of-Adult-Community-Acquiredhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824979?tool=bestpractice.comPanton-Valentine 杀白细胞素阳性金黄色葡萄球菌已被报告为多发性肺脓肿的病因。[20]Ditzen A, Ehricht R, Monecke S. Disseminated cutaneous and pulmonary abscesses in an injecting drug user caused by a Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:1013-1015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481122?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Jung N, Lehmann C, Hellmann M, et al. Necrotizing pneumonia caused by Panton-Valentine leucocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus originating from a Bartholin's abscess. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2008;2008:491401.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/idog/2008/491401/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682803?tool=bestpractice.com此外,有报告称兼性双球菌也是重要的致病原。[22]Takayanagi N, Kagiyama N, Ishiguro T, et al. Etiology and outcome of community-acquired lung abscess. Respiration. 2010;80:98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389050?tool=bestpractice.com此外,鉴别放线菌和诺卡氏菌对于确定足够的抗生素治疗时间很重要。[22]Takayanagi N, Kagiyama N, Ishiguro T, et al. Etiology and outcome of community-acquired lung abscess. Respiration. 2010;80:98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389050?tool=bestpractice.com
肺炎并发肺脓肿大多由单种需氧微生物引起,例如金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、伯克霍尔德菌、军团菌、肺炎链球菌和 A 群链球菌。[18]Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Hanslo D, et al. The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms in acute community-acquired lung abscess. Chest. 1995;108:937-941.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)44802-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7555164?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Hirshberg B, Sklair-Levi M, Nir-Paz R, et al. Factors predicting mortality of patients with lung abscess. Chest. 1999;115:746-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084487?tool=bestpractice.com经常在金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌口咽部定植后发生医院获得性肺脓肿或坏死性肺炎的患者中分离出这两种微生物。
免疫功能低下患者的肺脓肿通常由多种病原体引起,尽管未从这些患者标本中分离出厌氧菌。[24]Mansharamani N, Balachandran D, Delaney D, et al. Lung abscess in adults: clinical comparison of immunocompromised to non-immunocompromised patients. Respir Med. 2002;96:178-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11905552?tool=bestpractice.com对于细胞介导免疫功能受损的患者,肺脓肿与分枝杆菌、诺卡氏菌、曲霉菌和红球菌等机会致病菌相关。对于白细胞减少的患者,需氧菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和嗜血菌)和真菌(如曲霉菌和接合菌)是重要的病原体。
预计革兰氏阴性菌(如铜绿假单胞菌)参与引起肺炎后肺脓肿并发症、免疫抑制患者医院获得性肺脓肿或这些微生物口咽定植后的坏死性肺炎。[25]Daley D, Mulgrave L, Munro S, et al. An evaluation of the in vitro activity of piperacillin/tazobactam. Pathology. 1996;28:167-172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8743825?tool=bestpractice.com