虽然肺脓肿可表现为急性、亚急性或慢性,治疗方案始终如一,且应立即开始。主要治疗方法是抗生素治疗。由于厌氧菌检测很困难,大多数情况下进行经验性抗生素治疗,并应覆盖混合菌群。胸部理疗和体位引流也可能有益。不能缓解的肺脓肿,特别是伴脓胸者,建议手术介入治疗。
抗生素
如果患者有典型临床表现和放射学结果,应开始经验性静脉抗生素治疗,即使尚未获取培养结果。[41]Weiss W, Cherniack NS. Acute nonspecific lung abscess: a controlled study comparing orally and parenterally administered penicillin G. Chest. 1974;66:348-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4411851?tool=bestpractice.com初始抗生素选择取决于致病微生物为革兰氏阴性或多重耐药菌株的概率。肺炎并发肺脓肿或免疫抑制患者肺脓肿、医院获得性肺脓肿或微生物口咽定植后坏死性肺炎发生时应考虑为革兰氏阴性菌感染。既往使用过广谱抗生素或记录有耐药菌定植,且有提示当地流行病学证据时应考虑为多重耐药微生物感染。多重耐药病原体感染时,当地这些微生物药敏特征和微生物药敏报告(收到时)可指导抗生素的选择。重要的是尚无明确共识,该病抗生素方案的对照比较很少。此外,当地治疗规范差异很大。
一旦观察到临床应答(即,发热缓解和放射影像学稳定)且患者能够维持肠饲,可更换为口服治疗。虽然监测 C-反应蛋白水平可能有助于评估治疗应答,已发表的数据表明证据不足,且限于肺炎并发肺脓肿。白蛋白可能下降,特别是亚急性或慢性肺脓肿,但是作为抗生素早期应答的指标效果不佳,恢复到正常水平的过程缓慢,取决于各种混杂的临床情况。虽然不是治疗应答的有用标志物,低白蛋白似乎是不良结果的预测因素以及发生各种感染的易感因素。[42]Nwiloh J, Freeman H, McCord C. Malnutrition: an important determinant of fatal outcome in surgically treated pulmonary suppurative disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 1989;81:525-529.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626015/pdf/jnma00900-0065.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2746675?tool=bestpractice.com
最佳抗生素疗程尚无共识,但在实践中通常为至少 6-8 周。连续进行 CXR 监测治疗应答。空洞闭合中位时间为 4 周,但在某些情况下可能需要数周甚至数月。[43]Weiss W. Cavity behavior in acute, primary, nonspecific lung abscess. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973;108:1273-1275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4746593?tool=bestpractice.com周围浸润缓解需要至少 8 周。治疗第一周 CXR 表现可能会恶化,放射影像学改善可能晚于临床缓解。[44]Landay MJ, Christensen EE, Bynum LJ, et al. Anaerobic pleural and pulmonary infections. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;134:233-240.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.134.2.233http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6766225?tool=bestpractice.com
经验性抗生素
氨苄西林/舒巴坦或阿莫西林/克拉维酸:已经证实氨苄西林/舒巴坦在耐受性和疗效方面,等效于克林霉素单用或联合头孢菌素。[45]Allewelt M, Schuler P, Bolcskei PL, et al; Study Group on Aspiration Pneumonia. Ampicillin + sulbactam vs clindamycin +/- cephalosporin for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:163-170.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00774.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759242?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Fernandez-Sabe N, Carratala J, Dorca J, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of anaerobic lung infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22:185-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649717?tool=bestpractice.com
克林霉素联合二代或三代头孢菌素:克林霉素可能优于青霉素[47]Levison ME, Mangura CT, Lorber B, et al. Clindamycin compared with penicillin for the treatment of anaerobic lung abscess. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:466-471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6838068?tool=bestpractice.com但克林霉素抗菌谱限于革兰氏阳性菌,必须联合二代或三代头孢菌素。[48]Ewig S, Schäfer H. Treatment of community-acquired lung abscess associated with aspiration [in German]. Pneumologie. 2001;55:431-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536067?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Marik PE, Careau P. The role of anaerobes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia: a prospective study. Chest. 1999;115:178-183.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)38101-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925081?tool=bestpractice.com预计涉及革兰氏阴性微生物时(如铜绿假单胞菌),可使用有效的联合治疗方案。由于使用这些联合方案治疗肺脓肿的数据有限,这项建议基于吸入性肺炎治疗经验和不断变化的成人社区获得性肺脓肿流行病学报道。[5]Wang JL, Chen KY, Fang CT, et al. Changing bacteriology of adult community-acquired lung abscess in Taiwan: Klebsiella pneumoniae versus anaerobes. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:915-922.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/40/7/915/372094/Changing-Bacteriology-of-Adult-Community-Acquiredhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824979?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Allewelt M, Schuler P, Bolcskei PL, et al; Study Group on Aspiration Pneumonia. Ampicillin + sulbactam vs clindamycin +/- cephalosporin for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:163-170.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00774.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759242?tool=bestpractice.com
哌拉西林/他唑巴坦或替卡西林/克拉维酸:哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对于混合菌群有高度活性,与替卡西林/克拉维酸相比,对铜绿假单胞菌的疗效更强。
碳青霉烯类:亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南和厄他培南也可有效治疗混合菌群。它们只能在预计存在微生物多重耐药时使用。对于不动杆菌感染的治疗尤其有效。认为铜绿假单胞菌或不动杆菌是潜在病原体时不适合使用厄他培南。
青霉素联合甲硝唑:基于肺脓肿的耐药特征,微生物多重耐药高风险患者不应采用该方案。观察到青霉素治疗耐青霉素产黑普雷沃氏菌、不解糖卟啉单胞菌和拟杆菌无效,因此需加入甲硝唑。甲硝唑不应单独给药,因为它对微需氧菌株、需氧链球菌和放线菌无活性。[18]Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Hanslo D, et al. The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms in acute community-acquired lung abscess. Chest. 1995;108:937-941.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)44802-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7555164?tool=bestpractice.com应注意,饮酒患者接受甲硝唑治疗后可能发生双硫仑样反应。
青霉素和头孢菌素过敏患者可给予克林霉素联合氨曲南、环丙沙星或左氧氟沙星治疗,以覆盖革兰氏阴性菌。虽然没有使用这些联合方案治疗肺脓肿的具体数据,它们可以有效治疗混合菌群感染。[50]Bohnen JM. Antibiotic therapy for abdominal infection. World J Surg. 1998;22:152-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9451930?tool=bestpractice.com
靶向抗生素
胸部理疗和体位引流
大量肺脓肿患者应采取侧卧位,脓肿侧朝下。这样可以防止脓肿内容物突然排出造成窒息或传播到其他肺段。胸部理疗和体位引流可能改善脓性和坏死性脓肿内容物清除,但是已发表的证据稀少,因此仍然值得商榷。
支气管镜检查
主要适用于气液平面无变化或升高、抗生素治疗 3-4 天后仍然存在脓毒症或怀疑支气管内肿瘤的患者。不常采用支气管镜技术进行肺脓肿引流。[51]Herth F, Ernst A, Becker HD. Endoscopic drainage of lung abscesses: technique and outcome. Chest. 2005;127:1378-1381.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)34491-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15821219?tool=bestpractice.com硬质支气管镜提供较强的吸引能力,但是现在不大受欢迎。值得注意的是,不建议使用支气管镜引流大的(直径> 6-8 cm)肺脓肿,因为脓肿突然消失存在相当大的风险,可造成窒息或急性呼吸窘迫综合征。[52]Reeder GS, Gracey DR. Aspiration of intrathoracic abscess: resultant acute ventilatory failure. JAMA. 1978;240:1156-1159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/682290?tool=bestpractice.com使用激光的支气管内导管已经成功用于所选难治性肺脓肿患者引流。[53]Shlomi D, Kramer MR, Fuks L, et al. Endobronchial drainage of lung abscess: the use of laser. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42:65-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883156?tool=bestpractice.com
外科手术
对于抗生素治疗无应答的患者(11%-21% 的病例),必须进行干预性引流。[54]Mueller PR, Berlin L. Complications of lung abscess aspiration and drainage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:1083-1086.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/ajr.178.5.1781083http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11959705?tool=bestpractice.com[55]vanSonnenberg E, D'Agostino HB, Casola G, et al. Lung abscess: CT-guided drainage. Radiology. 1991;178:347-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987590?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Estrera AS, Platt MR, Mills LJ, et al. Primary lung abscess. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;79:275-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7351852?tool=bestpractice.com
电视辅助胸腔镜手术是比切除创伤小的方法。[57]Harris RJ, Kavuru MS, Rice TW, et al. The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of thoracoscopy: a review. Chest. 1995;108:828-841.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)34239-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7656641?tool=bestpractice.com
患病肺叶切除或肺段切除曾经是治疗肺脓肿的主要方法,现在仅用于抗生素和其他治疗效果不佳的患者。尚未确定切除适应症,但一般而言,包括大空洞、大出血、伴发脓胸、阻塞性肿瘤或由多重耐药细菌或真菌引起的感染患者。[58]Bartlett JG. Lung abscess. In: Baum GL, Wolinsky E, eds. Textbook of pulmonary diseases. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1994:607-620.肺切除后存活率范围为 89%-95%。
另已成功进行了 CT 扫描或超声引导下经皮引流,但由于其潜在的严重副作用,多数情况下仅用于禁忌进行肺切除的病例(例如有基础疾病的患者,诸如心脏病、慢性肺疾病或肝脏疾病)。[35]Yang PC, Luh KT, Lee YC, et al. Lung abscess: US examination and US-guided transthoracic aspiration. Radiology. 1991;180:171-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2052687?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Peña Griñan N, Muñoz Lacena F, Vargas Romero J, et al. Yield of percutaneous needle aspiration in lung abscess. Chest. 1990;97:69-74.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)40586-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295263?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Wali SO, Shugaeri A, Samman YS, et al. Percutaneous drainage of pyogenic lung abscess. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:673-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374359?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Shim C, Santos GH, Zelefsky M. Percutaneous drainage of lung abscess. Lung.
1990;168:201-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2122136?tool=bestpractice.com[61]American College of Radiology; Society of Interventional Radiology; Society for Pediatric Radiology. ACR-SIR-SPR practice guideline for specifications and performance of image-guided percutaneous drainage/aspiration of abscesses and fluid collections (PDAFC). 2014. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 21 September 2017).http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/PDAFC.pdf