膀胱癌在全球癌症发病率中位列第九。在男性最常见癌症中位列第 7,在女性中位列第 17。[17]Murphy WM, Takezawa K, Maruniak NA. Interobserver discrepancy using the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology classification of urothelial neoplasms: practical choices for patient care. J Urol. 2002;168:968-972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12187201?tool=bestpractice.com 全球膀胱癌的发病率在地区间差异显著,其中埃及、西欧和北美发病率最高,亚洲国家则发病率最低。[18]Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Non-invasive urothelial neoplasms: according to the most recent WHO classification. Eur Urol. 2004;46:170-176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15245809?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 膀胱癌全球年龄标准化发病率(每 100,000 人)(男性和女性)摘自 Eur Urol. 2004;46:170-176;获准使用 [Citation ends].
在欧盟国家,2012 年浸润性膀胱癌的粗发病率为 20.4/100,000,年死亡率为 7.1/100,000。70% 的患者年龄> 65 岁。[19]Bellmunt J, Orsola A, Leow JJ, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Bladder cancer: ESMO Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(Suppl 3):iii40-iii48.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii40.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096609?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,2009 年男性新增癌症病例中,估计膀胱癌在十大主要癌症类型中位列第四。估计 74,000 人(56,320 名男性和 17,680 名女性)会罹患膀胱癌;预计 16,000 人(11,510 名男性和 4490 名女性)会死于膀胱癌。[20]Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5-29.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21254/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559415?tool=bestpractice.com
膀胱癌主要累及 65 岁以上的患者。[21]Chang SS, Boorjian SA, Chou R, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: AUA/SUO guideline. J Urol. 2016;196:1021-1029.http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Non-Muscle-Invasive-Bladder-Cancer.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317986?tool=bestpractice.com 与其他人群相比,女性、黑人和老年人膀胱癌的死亡率更高。就诊时的肿瘤特征和年龄差异对死亡率较高有部分影响,但其不是全部影响因素,这表明其他因素(例如获取医疗资源的情况、诊断和治疗延迟、治疗方案的选择、宿主因素以及肿瘤亚分期的差异)可能对死亡率有一定影响。[22]Scosyrev E, Noyes K, Feng C, et al. Sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US. Cancer. 2009;115:68-74.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.23986/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19072984?tool=bestpractice.com