建议采用整体治疗方法,侧重于患者教育、家庭管理指导[23]Asnani MR, Quimby KR, Bennett NR, et al. Interventions for patients and caregivers to improve knowledge of sickle cell disease and recognition of its related complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 6;(10):CD011175.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011175.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27711980?tool=bestpractice.com 以及即时临床需求。骨髓移植是唯一的根治疗法,但是由于缺乏适当的骨髓供者、成本较高且风险较大(儿童死亡率为 10%),因此不经常使用。
治疗目标
对于年幼儿童患者,主要治疗目标是通过减少感染造成的威胁来提高生存率。实现方式如下:[24]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease: expert panel report, 2014. September 2014 [internet publication].https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/evidence-based-management-sickle-cell-disease[25]Rankine-Mullings AE, Owusu-Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 10;(10):CD003427.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28994899?tool=bestpractice.com
早期诊断
肺炎球菌免疫接种
对 5 岁以下儿童使用青霉素进行抗生素预防治疗
营养咨询
发生感染时及时治疗。
对于在幼童期存活且有慢性疾病的患者,主要的治疗目标是症状控制和疾病并发症管理。实现方式如下:
管理急性和慢性疼痛
使用羟基脲药物治疗改善疾病的严重程度。[26]Brawley OW, Cornelius LJ, Edwards LR, et al. NIH consensus development statement on hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2008 Feb 27-29;25(1):1-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309362?tool=bestpractice.com
感染的预防和及时治疗
预防和控制急性并发症(例如急性胸部综合征、血管闭塞发作)
卒中的预防
慢性器官(肾、肺)损伤的预防和治疗
遗传咨询
对患者和/或父母的健康和营养教育[27]Dekker LH, Fijnvandraat K, Brabin BJ, et al. Micronutrients and sickle cell disease, effects on growth, infection and vaso-occlusive crisis: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Aug;59(2):211-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492631?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Asnani MR, Quimby KR, Bennett NR, et al. Interventions for patients and caregivers to improve knowledge of sickle cell disease and recognition of its related complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 6;(10):CD011175.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011175.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27711980?tool=bestpractice.com
辅导患者和/或其父母,以避免触发因素(例如脱水、[6]Ohene-Frempong K, Nkrumah FK. Sickle cell disease in Africa. In: Embry SH, Hebbel RP, Mohandas N, et al, eds. Sickle cell disease: basic principles and clinical practice. New York, NY: Raven Press Ltd; 1994.[28]Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, et al. Mortality in sickle cell disease - life expectancy and risk factors for early death. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 9;330(23):1639-44.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199406093302303#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7993409?tool=bestpractice.com寒冷和高海拔,以及剧烈运动)。[1]Pass KA, Lane PA, Fernhoff PM, et al. US newborn screening system guidelines II: follow-up of children, diagnosis, management, and evaluation. Statement of the Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services (CORN). J Pediatr. Oct;137(suppl 4):S1-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11044838?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Redwood AM, Williams EM, Desai P, et al. Climate and painful crisis of sickle-cell disease in Jamaica. BMJ. 1976 Jan 10;1(6001):66-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638357/pdf/brmedj00498-0016.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1244937?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Mohan J, Marshall JM, Reid HL, et al. Peripheral vascular response to mild indirect cooling in patients with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and the frequency of painful crisis. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998 Feb;94(2):111-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9536918?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Beutler E. Disorders of hemoglobin structure: sickle cell anemia and related abnormalities. In: Lichtman MA, Beutler E, Kaushansky K, et al, eds. Williams hematology. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:667-700.
预防性治疗
羟基脲
对于≥2 岁的镰状细胞性贫血患者,可考虑使用羟基脲。羟基脲已被证明在短期内可降低疼痛发作的频率、减少输血需求,并降低急性胸部综合征的风险。[32]Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. N Engl J Med. 1995 May 18;332(20):1317-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199505183322001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7715639?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Lanzkron S, Strouse JJ, Wilson R, et al. Systematic review: hydroxyurea for the treatment of adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Jun 17;148(12):939-55.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256736/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458272?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Segal JB, Strouse JJ, Beach MC, et al. Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2008 Mar;(165):1-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18457478?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Hankins JS, Ware RE, Rogers ZR, et al. Long-term hydroxyurea therapy for infants with sickle cell anemia: the HUSOFT extension study. Blood. 2005 Oct 1;106(7):2269-75.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/106/7/2269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172253?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Scott JP, Hillery CA, Brown ER, et al. Hydroxyurea therapy in children severely affected with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 1996 Jun;128(6):820-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8648542?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Wang WC, Helms RW, Lynn HS, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on growth in children with sickle cell anemia: results of the HUG-KIDS Study. J Pediatr. 2002 Feb;140(2):225-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11865275?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Wang WC, Ware RE, Miller ST, et al; BABY HUG investigators. Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG). Lancet. 2011 May 14;377(9778):1663-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133619/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21571150?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Zimmerman SA, Schultz WH, Davis JS, et al. Sustained long-term hematologic efficacy of hydroxyurea at maximum tolerated dose in children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2004 Mar 15;103(6):2039-45.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/103/6/2039.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630791?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Nevitt SJ, Jones AP, Howard J. Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 20;(4):CD002202.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426137?tool=bestpractice.com它还被证明可预防有卒中风险的患者发生危及生命的神经系统事件,[40]Nevitt SJ, Jones AP, Howard J. Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 20;(4):CD002202.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426137?tool=bestpractice.com并可降低婴儿指趾炎的发生率。[38]Wang WC, Ware RE, Miller ST, et al; BABY HUG investigators. Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG). Lancet. 2011 May 14;377(9778):1663-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133619/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21571150?tool=bestpractice.com
羟基脲最常见的并发症是中性粒细胞减少症。[37]Wang WC, Helms RW, Lynn HS, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on growth in children with sickle cell anemia: results of the HUG-KIDS Study. J Pediatr. 2002 Feb;140(2):225-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11865275?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Ware RE, Helms RW; SWiTCH Investigators. Stroke with transfusions changing to hydroxyurea (SWiTCH). Blood. 2012 Apr 26;119(17):3925-32.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/17/3925.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318199?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Kinney TR, Helms RW, O'Branski EE, et al. Safety of hydroxyurea in children with sickle cell anemia: results of the HUG-KIDS study, a phase I/II trial. Pediatric Hydroxyurea Group. Blood. 1999 Sep 1;94(5):1550-4.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/94/5/1550.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477679?tool=bestpractice.comHUG-KIDS 研究显示,使用羟基脲治疗 12 个月后,婴儿和较年长儿童的身高、体重或青春期发育没有受到不良影响。[37]Wang WC, Helms RW, Lynn HS, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on growth in children with sickle cell anemia: results of the HUG-KIDS Study. J Pediatr. 2002 Feb;140(2):225-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11865275?tool=bestpractice.com
由于缺乏高质量的证据,尚不清楚羟基脲的长期安全性和有效性。针对成人患者的长期观察性随访研究表明,长期暴露于羟基脲后,死亡率降低,并且恶性肿瘤发生率没有增加。[43]Steinberg MH, Barton F, Castro O, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia: risks and benefits up to 9 years of treatment. JAMA. 2003 Apr 2;289(13):1645-51.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196300http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672732?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Voskaridou E, Christoulas D, Bilalis A, et al. The effect of prolonged administration of hydroxyurea on morbidity and mortality in adult patients with sickle cell syndromes: results of a 17-year, single-center trial (LaSHS). Blood. 2010 Mar 25;115(12):2354-63.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/115/12/2354.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903897?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Steinberg MH, McCarthy WF, Castro O, et al. The risks and benefits of long-term use of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia: a 17.5 year follow-up. Am J Hematol. 2010 Jun;85(6):403-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879711/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513116?tool=bestpractice.com
L-谷氨酰胺
对于年龄≥5 岁且对羟基脲不耐受或在使用羟基脲时仍有疼痛事件的患者,可考虑使用左旋谷氨酰胺。它在镰状细胞性贫血患者中的作用机制尚不明确,但被认为是通过提高镰状红细胞内的氧化还原电位,降低这些细胞对氧化损伤的敏感性。
在一项随机安慰剂对照试验中(涉及 230 名年龄在 5 至 58 岁之间且前一年出现两次或多次危象的 HbSS 或 HbSB0 基因型地中海贫血患者),使用左旋谷氨酰胺进行治疗后,镰状细胞危象和住院次数均减少。[46]Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A phase 3 trial of L-glutamine in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):226-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021096?tool=bestpractice.com
由于担心有多器官功能衰竭的重症患者使用左旋谷氨酰胺会出现死亡率增加,所以对于有肾脏或肝脏损伤的患者,应避免使用左旋谷氨酰胺。[47]Quinn CT. L-glutamine for sickle cell anemia: more questions than answers. Blood. 2018 Aug 16;132(7):689-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29895661?tool=bestpractice.com
输血
一种常用的预防性治疗是反复简单输血,将 HbS 维持在 30% 以下。对于接受任何形式手术的患者,时常需要围术期输血,以防止术后镰状细胞并发症。在这些情况下,发现用来将血红蛋白保持在 100 g/L (10 g/dL) 的输血与换血疗法同样有效,且可能比后者更安全。[48]Vichinsky EP, Haberkern CM, Neumayr L, et al; The Preoperative Transfusion in Sickle Cell Disease Study Group. A comparison of conservative and aggressive transfusion regimens in the perioperative management of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 27;333(4):206-13.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199507273330402#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7791837?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Estcourt LJ, Fortin PM, Trivella M, et al. Preoperative blood transfusions for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 6;(4):CD003149.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003149.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049331?tool=bestpractice.com
一项多中心研究将接受中等风险手术的成人和儿童镰状细胞性贫血(SS 或 Sb0 地中海贫血)患者随机分为术前输血和不输血两组,尽管两组全因死亡率没有差异,但由于未输血组的并发症显著增加,该研究提前结束。[50]Howard J, Malfroy M, Llewelyn C, et al. The Transfusion Alternatives Preoperatively in Sickle Cell Disease (TAPS) study: a randomised, controlled, multicentre clinical trial. Lancet. 2013 Mar 16;381(9870):930-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352054?tool=bestpractice.com 接受大手术的 HbSC 病患者往往需要在术前进行换血,原因在于基线血红蛋白水平已经高于 100 g/L (10 g/dL),并且需要避免血液的粘滞性过高。
在镰状细胞性贫血患者卒中预防试验 (Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia, STOP) 研究中,研究者发现,与标准的支持性治疗相比,长期输血可使首次卒中减少 90%。[51]Lee MT, Piomelli S, Granger S, et al. Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP): extended follow-up and final results. Blood. 2006 Aug 1;108(3):847-52.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/3/847.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861341?tool=bestpractice.com 进一步的研究显示,停止输血后卒中发生率升高。[52]Adams RJ, Brambilla D. Discontinuing prophylactic transfusions used to prevent stroke in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 29;353(26):2769-78.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050460#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382063?tool=bestpractice.com
一般不建议在妊娠期间进行常规预防性输血。然而,在一项关于妊娠期输血的随机试验中,接受输血者在妊娠期间出现危象的次数较少。[53]Koshy M, Burd L, Wallace D, et al. Prophylactic red-cell transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease. A randomized cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1988 Dec 1;319(22):1447-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3054555?tool=bestpractice.com 在这项研究中,随机分至输血组的女性所产胎儿的结局与对照组的情况无差异。[53]Koshy M, Burd L, Wallace D, et al. Prophylactic red-cell transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease. A randomized cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1988 Dec 1;319(22):1447-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3054555?tool=bestpractice.com
血管闭塞发作的治疗
治疗血管闭塞性危象的目的是减轻疼痛,同时尽量减少不良反应。
通过使用与年龄相适应的疼痛量表以及患者提供的信息进行全面疼痛评估,从而指导镇痛剂的选择。
对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 用于处理轻度疼痛,并经常辅以支持性治疗,例如加热垫。口服较强效的阿片类药物用于治疗中度至重度疼痛。如果疼痛严重,经常需要经胃肠外使用阿片类药物治疗。一项随机安慰剂对照试验发现,在 5 至 17 岁的患者中,口服控释型吗啡与静脉使用吗啡在挽救性镇痛发生率、疼痛持续时间和不良事件发生率方面无显著差异。[54]Jacobson SJ, Kopecky EA, Joshi P, et al. Randomised trial of oral morphine for painful episodes of sickle-cell disease in children. Lancet. 1997 Nov 8;350(9088):1358-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365450?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄较大的儿童、青少年和成人可通过患者自控镇痛装置 (PCA) 自行镇痛。[55]Dampier CD, Wager CG, Harrison R, et al; Investigators of the Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network (SCDCRN). Impact of PCA strategies on pain intensity and functional assessment measures in adults with sickle cell disease during hospitalized vaso-occlusive episodes. Am J Hematol. 2012 Oct;87(10):E71-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3533241/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886853?tool=bestpractice.com 请注意,如果患者入睡,间歇性给予短效阿片类镇痛药可能无法控制疼痛。在这些患者中,尤其是在曾使用过阿片类药物的患者中,长效口服阿片类药物联用患者自控镇痛 (PCA)/快速大量静脉给药可有助于控制疼痛。
长期接受阿片类药物镇痛治疗而产生耐受性的患者可能需要增加阿片类药物的使用剂量。
许多阿片类药物会导致瘙痒,应使用口服抗组胺药物治疗瘙痒。
出现血管闭塞危象的患者还需要接受支持性治疗(例如,对低氧患者供氧)和管理诱发因素(例如,脱水或感染)。
对于中度低氧血症患者(PaO₂ 70-80 mmHg 或氧饱和度为 92% 至 95%),以 2 L/分钟的速度经鼻给氧。更严重的低氧血症患者需要更高的流速。入院时 PaO₂ 不低于其平常水平的慢性低氧血症患者也可受益于吸氧。
补液可以纠正血管内容量减少,补偿由发热、低渗尿、呕吐或腹泻引起的任何持续性容量损失,还能补偿危象期间增加的尿钠损失。对于慢性重度贫血患者和肺动脉高压患者,在补液治疗期间需要小心监测,因为存在充血性心力衰竭的风险。如果是轻度脱水,可经口服补液。如果患者不能或不愿采取经口服补液,则可能需要静脉补液。如果脱水严重,建议采用快速大量静脉补液,同时严格测量摄入量和排出量,然后至少以维持速度1.5 倍的速度进行静脉输液。如果患者有心脏病或肺动脉高压病史,则需要调整该速度;对于可能存在未被诊断的肺部疾病/心脏疾病的老年患者,应谨慎使用。
如果有感染的证据,应考虑使用抗生素。恰当的抗生素治疗取决于所怀疑的是社区获得性肺炎、医院获得性肺炎,还是非典型肺炎。
简单输血或换血疗法适用于危及生命的血管闭塞事件、有症状贫血、急性器官功能障碍、高危操作(包括全身麻醉)和经选择的妊娠。对于无症状贫血伴血管闭塞危象的患者,因为没有证据表明输血在这种情况下可以缩短危象的时间,因此无需进行输血。
急性胸部综合征的治疗
急性胸部综合征的治疗目标是防止其进展至急性呼吸衰竭。治疗方法包括氧疗(针对缺氧患者)、输血和使用抗生素。此外,建议给予理想的疼痛控制和补液,以及同时使用诱发性肺量计。如果疼痛减轻,则患者在呼吸时胸部将不需要使用夹板,并且发生肺不张的可能性降低。诱发性肺量计将进一步预防肺不张。对于重症病例,重症监护病房支持可能挽救其生命。
输血可以减少镰状红细胞的比例,因此建议采用。尽管指南建议在吸入室内空气时患者的 PaO₂<70 mmHg 时或者慢性低氧血症患者的 PaO₂ 相对于其日常基线值降低超过 10% 时进行输血,但临床判断应作为决策的基础。[24]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease: expert panel report, 2014. September 2014 [internet publication].https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/evidence-based-management-sickle-cell-disease 对于有心血管疾病病史、血小板计数低或多叶性肺炎的患者,尤其建议输血,因为已经发现上述风险与机械通气风险升高相关。[56]Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Earles AN, et al. Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 22;342(25):1855-65.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200006223422502#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861320?tool=bestpractice.com
由于不能总是排除细菌性肺炎,所以应静脉使用广谱抗生素。一项大型前瞻性队列研究发现最常见的微生物是非典型微生物,因此应给予同时覆盖典型和非典型微生物的抗生素。
骨髓移植
对于发生严重镰状细胞性贫血并发症(例如卒中、复发性急性胸部综合征)且一线治疗无效的儿童患者,应考虑进行骨髓移植。这是镰状细胞病的唯一根治疗法,但是由于缺乏合适的骨髓供者、成本较高且风险较大,所以不经常使用。缺乏在镰状细胞贫血症患者中评估骨髓移植使用效果的随机临床试验。[57]Oringanje C, Nemecek E, Oniyangi O. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 19;(5):CD007001.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007001.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194464?tool=bestpractice.com 1986 年至 2013 年间进行的一项国际注册研究报告显示,在接受 HLA 全相合相关移植的 16 岁以下儿童中,5 年总生存率和无事件生存率分别为 95% 和 93%。[58]Gluckman E, Cappelli B, Bernaudin F, et al. Sickle cell disease: an international survey of results of HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2017 Mar 16;129(11):1548-56.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/129/11/1548.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965196?tool=bestpractice.com 在 16 岁及以上的患者中,5 年总生存率和无事件生存率均为 81%。然而,在大多数中心,很少有患者符合通常的移植资格标准(包括 HLA 全相合同胞供者)。
出于对毒性的担心,不考虑对成人进行完全清髓性造血移植,但可考虑在儿童中使用。儿童一般具有较少的终末器官损害(例如肾脏损害),从而因大剂量化疗而发生并发症的可能性较低。
目前正在研究使用来自完全匹配同胞、匹配无亲缘供者或单体型匹配家族成员的供体来进行非清髓性同种异体造血移植。大量研究非清髓性移植方案的小规模研究发现,这种方法安全有效,可使镰状表型逆转。[59]Hsieh MM, Kang EM, Fitzhugh CD, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361(24):2309-17.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0904971http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007560?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Bolaños-Meade J, Fuchs EJ, Luznik L, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide expands the donor pool for patients with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2012 Nov 22;120(22):4285-91.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/22/4285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955919?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性每日疼痛
许多患者会发生慢性每日疼痛。 在一项针对 230 多名年龄在 16 岁或以上的患者的研究中,在分析的 31,000 多天中,有 54% 报告了疼痛。 这些疼痛天数中有 12% 是危象疼痛,患者没有在医院或流动设施中接受医护;3.5% 的天数是疼痛(危象或非危象疼痛),患者寻求医学治疗。 其余的天数包括在家中治疗的慢性疼痛。 应调查疼痛的原因,并根据需要进行处置。 其他潜在可治疗的病因包括缺血性坏死和慢性腿部溃疡。[61]Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Agreda-Pérez LH. Treatment for avascular necrosis of bone in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 9;(8):CD004344.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004344.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27502327?tool=bestpractice.com 了解该患者群体中慢性每日疼痛的患病率十分重要,并且应考虑转诊给疼痛专科医生。[62]Smith WR, Penberthy LT, Bovbjerg VE, et al. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Jan 15;148(2):94-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18195334?tool=bestpractice.com 几项研究着眼于使用心理干预来改善疼痛结局,但尚未发现确定性的干预措施。[63]Anie KA, Green J. Psychological therapies for sickle cell disease and pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 8;(5):CD001916.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001916.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966336?tool=bestpractice.com