在英国, 2006 年首次实施 NHS 镰状细胞和地中海贫血筛查计划,作为该计划的一部分,对所有新生儿进行镰状细胞病筛查。[19]NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme. Sickle cell disease in childhood: standards and guidelines for clinical care (2nd ed). October 2010 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sickle-cell-disease-in-children-standards-for-clinical-care 在美国,每个州都实行新生儿普查,因为这是确保发现所有镰状细胞病患儿的唯一途径。在全球各地,所采用的方法存在差异。基于特定的种族或民族背景来筛查患儿并不可靠。[14]US Preventive Services Task Force. Sickle cell disease (hemoglobinopathies) in newborns: screening - referred topic. September 2007 [internet publication].http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/ReferredTopic/260 可通过足跟点刺对所有新生儿进行血样采集。筛查通常采用多种实验室方法来完成。当发现异常结果时,实验室必须具有适当的系统来将阳性结果快速通知到患者的医疗机构。对于异常筛查样本,通常使用不同的技术来确认,例如高效液相色谱法、免疫学检查或基于 DNA 的分析。[1]Pass KA, Lane PA, Fernhoff PM, et al. US newborn screening system guidelines II: follow-up of children, diagnosis, management, and evaluation. Statement of the Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services (CORN). J Pediatr. Oct;137(suppl 4):S1-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11044838?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Eckman J. Neonatal screening. In: Embry SH, Hebbel RP, Mohandas N, et al, eds. Sickle cell disease: basic principles and clinical practice. New York, NY: Raven Press Ltd.; 1994. 适当转至专业镰状细胞诊所以接受教育、遗传咨询和常规随访医护是必要的,且应在诊断后尽快进行。
为了卒中的一级预防,建议对 HbSS 患儿进行经颅多普勒 (TCD) 筛查,从 2 岁时开始,如果 TCD 显示正常,则以后每年进行一次;或者如果 TCD 呈现临界值,则以后每 4 个月进行一次。 在 2 至 4 周内再次对结果异常的儿童进行检查。[21]Cherry MG, Greenhalgh J, Osipenko L, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2012;16(43):1-129.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-16/issue-43http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140544?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Tegeler CH, et al; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee. Practice standards for transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. Part II. Clinical indications and expected outcomes. J Neuroimaging. 2012 Jul;22(3):215-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977531?tool=bestpractice.com 通过散瞳检查进行的视网膜病变筛查从 10 周岁时开始进行。