对于表面抗原阳性的乙型肝炎表面抗原携带者,若正接受癌症化疗、利妥昔单抗等 B 细胞耗竭剂治疗、长期皮质类固醇治疗、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 抑制剂治疗或其他形式的免疫抑制治疗,那么在开始药物治疗时应进行预防性抗病毒药物治疗,并持续应用至治疗结束后至少 6 个月,以防止急性乙型肝炎复发及发生 ALF 的潜在风险。[100]Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661-662.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23190/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714720?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Lok AS, Ward JW, Perrillo RP, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B during immunosuppressive therapy: potentially fatal yet preventable. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:743-745.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3469313/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586011?tool=bestpractice.com此外,对于已控制感染的患者应考虑进行抗病毒药物预防治疗,已控制的感染表现为抗乙型肝炎核心抗原的抗体呈阳性且乙型肝炎表面抗原呈阴性,且随着免疫抑制水平的增加存在复发风险。[102]Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:215-219.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(14)01331-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25447850?tool=bestpractice.com在 1998 年至 2015 年被纳入美国急性肝衰竭研究组 (ALFSG) 的乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 相关 ALF 病例中,有近 20% 发生在免疫抑制治疗后 HBV 再激活的情况下。[103]Karvellas CJ, Cardoso FS, Gottfried M, et al. HBV-associated acute liver failure after immunosuppression and risk of death. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:113-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27311622?tool=bestpractice.com