ALF患者死亡风险巨大,随着改善临床结局策略的发展,继续给临床医师提出了巨大的挑战。ALF发病突然并且在一般人群中发病率低,限制了我们前瞻性研究ALF的能力。尽管如此,美国肝功能衰竭研究组提供了对流行病学趋势、临床结局和治疗影响的理解。流行病学研究一致表明,ALF中最重要的预后指标是病因学。
生存和结局
继发于对乙酰氨基酚过量、急性甲型肝炎或休克肝的 ALF 预后良好,并且其自发生存率高达 65%。相比而言,特质药物性肝损伤、急性乙型肝炎或不确定病因所致的ALF自发恢复率较低,范围从25%到29%。[5]Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, et al. Acute liver failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 2008;47:1401-1415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381946/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18318440?tool=bestpractice.com威尔逊病暴发期死亡风险如此之高,以至于确立诊断即可以满足列入急诊肝移植等待名单的标准。[53]Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update. Hepatology. 2008;47:2089-2111.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22261/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18506894?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Liou IW, Larson AM. Role of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452119?tool=bestpractice.com所有ALF肝移植候选人应及时进行评估,因为这可能是唯一的治疗方式,并且影响患者的预后。ALF患者接受肝移植后最初的3个月死亡风险似乎较高,与选择性病例相比,这些患者可能普遍需要二次移植。[86]Liou IW, Larson AM. Role of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452119?tool=bestpractice.com尽管如此,美国移植后1年生存率过去10年已从73%增长至82%。[86]Liou IW, Larson AM. Role of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452119?tool=bestpractice.com[90]McKenzie TJ, Lillegard JB, Nyberg SL. Artificial and bioartificial liver support. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:210-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452120?tool=bestpractice.com[91]O'Mahony CA, Patel S, Suarez J, et al. Have U.S. orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) outcomes for acute liver failure (ALF) improved in the last decade? (Abstract 570). Hepatology. 2007;46:492A.来自美国器官获取和移植网络(OPTN)与移植受体科学登记(SRTR)的数据表明,ALF患者接受肝移植后1年生存率为87%,3年生存率为78%。[8]2007 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (OPTN/SRTR): Transplant Data 1997-2006. Rockville, MD: Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation; 2007.