急性肝衰竭

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Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2005;42:1364-1372.

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Kroger AT, Sumaya CV, Pickering LK, et al; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60:1-64.

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O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989;97:339-345.

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Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update. Hepatology. 2008;47:2089-2111.

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McPhail MJ, Wendon JA, Bernal W. Meta-analysis of performance of Kings's College Hospital Criteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2010;53:492-499.

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American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: update 2011. November 2011. http://www.aasld.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661-662.

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1.  Trey C, Davidson CS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis. 1970;3:282-298.

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2.  Gimson AE, O'Grady J, Ede RJ, et al. Late onset hepatic failure: clinical, serological and histological features. Hepatology. 1986;6:288-294.

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4.  O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. 1993;342:273-275.

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5.  Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, et al. Acute liver failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 2008;47:1401-1415.

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6.  Blei AT, Cordoba J; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1968-1976.

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7.  Hoofnagle JH, Carithers RL Jr, Shapiro C, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 1995;21:240-252.

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8.  2007 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (OPTN/SRTR): Transplant Data 1997-2006. Rockville, MD: Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation; 2007.

9.  Chung RT, Stravitz RT, Fontana RJ, et al. Pathogenesis of liver injury in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:e1-e7.

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10.  Reuben A, Tillman H, Fontana RJ, et al. Outcomes in adults with acute liver failure between 1998 and 2013: an observational cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:724-732.

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11.  Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2005;42:1364-1372.

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12.  Davern TJ 2nd, James LP, Hinson JA, et al. Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:687-694.

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13.  Hillman L, Gottfried M, Whitsett M, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine induced acute liver failure and injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:958-965.

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14.  Wei G, Bergquist A, Broome U, et al. Acute liver failure in Sweden: etiology and outcome. J Intern Med. 2007;262:393-401.

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15.  Hadem J, Stiefel P, Bahr MJ, et al. Prognostic implications of lactate, bilirubin, and etiology in German patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:339-345.

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16.  Lee WM. Etiologies of acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:142-152.

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17.  Bernal W, Wendon J. Acute liver failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2525-2534.

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18.  Lee WM. Acute liver failure. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1862-1872.

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19.  Rutherford A, Chung RT. Acute liver failure: mechanisms of hepatocyte injury and regeneration. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:167-174.

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20.  Heard KJ. Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:285-292.

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21.  Myers RP, Shaheen AA, Li B, et al. Impact of liver disease, alcohol abuse, and unintentional ingestions on the outcomes of acetaminophen overdose. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:918-925.

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22.  Garfein RS, Bower WA, Loney CM, et al. Factors associated with fulminant liver failure during an outbreak among injection drug users with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2004;40:865-873.

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23.  Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, et al. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:1018-1023.

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24.  Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernandez MC, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:512-521.

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25.  Schmidt LE. Age and paracetamol self-poisoning. Gut. 2005;54:686-690.

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26.  Takikawa Y, Endo R, Suzuki K, et al. Prediction of hepatic encephalopathy development in patients with severe acute hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:359-364.

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27.  Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy. J Viral Hepat. 2003;10:61-69.

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28.  Kar P, Jilani N, Husain SA, et al. Does hepatitis E viral load and genotypes influence the final outcome of acute liver failure during pregnancy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2495-2501.

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29.  Chu CM, Liaw YF. The incidence of fulminant hepatic failure in acute viral hepatitis in Taiwan: increased risk in patients with pre-existing HBsAg carrier state. Infection. 1990;18:200-203.

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30.  Chu CM, Liaw YF. Increased incidence of fulminant hepatic failure in previously unrecognized HBsAg carriers with acute hepatitis independent of etiology. Infection. 2005;33:136-139.

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31.  Polish LB, Gallagher M, Fields HA, et al. Delta hepatitis: molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:211-229.

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32.  Nguyen GC, Sam J, Thuluvath PJ. Hepatitis C is a predictor of acute liver injury among hospitalizations for acetaminophen overdose in the United States: a nationwide analysis. Hepatology. 2008;48:1336-1341.

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33.  Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:286-290.

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34.  Kramer JR, Giordano TP, Souchek J, et al. Hepatitis C coinfection increases the risk of fulminant hepatic failure in patients with HIV in the HAART era. J Hepatol. 2005;42:309-314.

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35.  Hawton K, Simkin S, Deeks J, et al. UK legislation on analgesic packs: before and after study of long term effect on poisonings. BMJ. 2004;329:1076. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2004;329:1159.]

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36.  Kroger AT, Sumaya CV, Pickering LK, et al; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60:1-64.

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37.  Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002;35:716-721.

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38.  Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1977;72:573-583.

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39.  Rich NE, Sanders C, Hughes RS, et al. Malignant infiltration of the liver presenting as acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1025-1028.

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40.  Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:625-631.

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41.  Peters DJ, Greene WH, Ruggiero F, et al. Herpes simplex-induced fulminant hepatitis in adults: a call for empiric therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45:2399-2404.

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42.  Ichai P, Roque Afonso AM, Sebagh M, et al. Herpes simplex virus-associated acute liver failure: a difficult diagnosis with a poor prognosis. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:1550-1555.

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43.  Stravitz RT, Lefkowitch JH, Fontana RJ, et al. Autoimmune acute liver failure: proposed clinical and histological criteria. Hepatology. 2011;53:517-526.

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44.  Serper M, Wolf MS, Parikh NA, et al. Risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes in overdose with acetaminophen alone or with combination products: results from the Acute Liver Failure Study Group. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50:85-91.

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45.  Chalasani NP, Hayashi PH, Bonkovsky HL, et al; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. ACG Clinical Guideline: the diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:950-966.

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46.  Robles-Diaz M, Lucena MI, Kaplowitz N, et al. Use of Hy's law and a new composite algorithm to predict acute liver failure in patients with drug-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:109-118.e5.

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47.  Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: a comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology. 2008;48:1167-1174.

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48.  O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989;97:339-345.

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49.  Stravitz RT, Ellerbe C, Durkalski V, et al; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Thrombocytopenia is associated with multi-organ system failure in patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:613-620.e4.

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50.  Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:558-563.

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51.  Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T, et al. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2498-2508.

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52.  Bernuau J, Samuel D, Durand F, et al. Criteria for emergency liver transplantation in patients with acute viral hepatitis and factor V below 50% of normal: a prospective study. Hepatology. 1991;14:49A.

53.  Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update. Hepatology. 2008;47:2089-2111.

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54.  Poff JA, Coakley FV, Qayyum A, et al. Frequency and histopathologic basis of hepatic surface nodularity in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Radiology. 2008;249:518-523.

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55.  Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, et al. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2007;46:1844-1852.

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56.  Czaja AJ, dos Santos RM, Porto A, et al. Immune phenotype of chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:2149-2155.

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57.  Friedman LS. Liver transplantation for sickle cell hepatopathy. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:483-485.

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58.  Pauwels A, Mostefa-Kara N, Florent C, et al. Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria. J Hepatol. 1993;17:124-127.

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59.  Anand AC, Nightingale P, Neuberger JM. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: an assessment of the King's criteria. J Hepatol. 1997;26:62-68.

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60.  Shakil AO, Kramer D, Mazariegos GV, et al. Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria. Liver Transpl. 2000;6:163-169.

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61.  Bailey B, Amre DK, Gaudreault P. Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:299-305.

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62.  McPhail MJ, Wendon JA, Bernal W. Meta-analysis of performance of Kings's College Hospital Criteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2010;53:492-499.

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63.  American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: update 2011. November 2011. http://www.aasld.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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64.  Sundaram V, Shneider BL, Dhawan A, et al. King's College Hospital Criteria for non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure in an international cohort of children. J Pediatr. 2013;162:319-323.e1.

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65.  Izumi S, Langley PG, Wendon J, et al. Coagulation factor V levels as a prognostic indicator in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology. 1996;23:1507-1511.

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66.  Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33:464-470.

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67.  Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:91-96.

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68.  Kremers WK, van IJperen M, Kim WR, et al. MELD score as a predictor of pretransplant and posttransplant survival in OPTN/UNOS status 1 patients. Hepatology. 2004;39:764-769.

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69.  Zaman MB, Hoti E, Qasim A, et al. MELD score as a prognostic model for listing acute liver failure patients for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:2097-2098.

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70.  Katoonizadeh A, Decaestecker J, Wilmer A, et al. MELD score to predict outcome in adult patients with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Int. 2007;27:329-334.

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71.  Yantorno SE, Kremers WK, Ruf AE, et al. MELD is superior to King's College and Clichy's criteria to assess prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:822-828.

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72.  Rossaro L, Chambers CC, Polson J, et al. Performance of MELD in predicting outcome in acute liver failure (Abstract S1492). Gastroenterology. 2005;128:A-705.

73.  McPhail MJ, Farne H, Senvar N, et al. Ability of King's College criteria and Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores to predict mortality of patients with acute liver failure: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:516-525.e5.

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74.  Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818-829.

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75.  Mitchell I, Bihari D, Chang R, et al. Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:279-284.

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76.  Rutherford A, King LY, Hynan LS, et al; ALF Study Group. Development of an accurate index for predicting outcomes of patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:1237-1243.

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77.  Koch DG, Tillman H, Durkalski V, et al. Development of a model to predict transplant-free survival of patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1199-1206.e2.

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78.  Karvellas CJ, Cavazos J, Battenhouse H, et al; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Effects of antimicrobial prophylaxis and blood stream infections in patients with acute liver failure: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1942-1949.e1.

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79.  Stravitz RT. Critical management decisions in patients with acute liver failure. Chest. 2008;134:1092-1102.

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80.  Lee WM, Rossaro L, Fontana RJ, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves spontaneous survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure (Abstract 79). Hepatology. 2007;46:268A.

81.  Singh S, Hynan LS, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Improvements in hepatic serological biomarkers are associated with clinical benefit of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:1397-1402.

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82.  Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Reisch J, et al; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on cytokines in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure: potential mechanism of improvement in transplant-free survival. Liver Int. 2013;33:1324-1331.

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83.  Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13:256-263.

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84.  Parekh J, Matei VM, Canas-Coto A, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome causing acute liver failure: a multicenter case series. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:135-142.

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85.  Karkhanis J, Verna EC, Chang MS, et al; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Steroid use in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2014;59:612-621.

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86.  Liou IW, Larson AM. Role of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:201-209.

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87.  Letschert K, Faulstich H, Keller D, et al. Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 2006;91:140-149.

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88.  Enjalbert F, Rapior S, Nouguier-Soulé J, et al. Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40:715-757.

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89.  Saliba F, Camus C, Durand F, et al. Albumin dialysis with a noncell artificial liver support device in patients with acute liver failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:522-531.

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90.  McKenzie TJ, Lillegard JB, Nyberg SL. Artificial and bioartificial liver support. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:210-217.

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91.  O'Mahony CA, Patel S, Suarez J, et al. Have U.S. orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) outcomes for acute liver failure (ALF) improved in the last decade? (Abstract 570). Hepatology. 2007;46:492A.

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93.  Davenport A, Will EJ, Davidson AM. Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:328-338.

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94.  Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of renal replacement therapy on patients with combined acute renal and fulminant hepatic failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993;41:S245-S251.

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95.  Munoz SJ. Difficult management problems in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis. 1993;13:395-413.

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96.  Larsen FS, Wendon J. Prevention and management of brain edema in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2008;14(suppl 2):S90-S96.

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97.  Dmello D, Cruz-Flores S, Matuschak GM, et al. Moderate hypothermia with intracranial pressure monitoring as a therapeutic paradigm for the management of acute liver failure: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:210-213.

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98.  Karvellas CJ, Todd Stravitz R, Battenhouse H, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia in acute liver failure: a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:4-12.

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99.  Porte RJ, Caldwell SH. The role of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:872-874.

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100.  Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661-662.

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101.  Lok AS, Ward JW, Perrillo RP, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B during immunosuppressive therapy: potentially fatal yet preventable. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:743-745.

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