贝利木单抗
贝利单抗是完全的单克隆抗体,是靶向B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)的抑制剂。 BLys是B细胞选择和存活的关键因素,高水平的BLys可能促使自身抗体的产生。 贝利单抗能够降低SLE的抗体水平。[93]Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Sep 15;61(9):1168-78.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758229/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714604?tool=bestpractice.com 有试验表明,使用复合 SLE 应答指数进行评价时,贝利木单抗 (belimumab) 可使病情有所改善,并且每 8 个人中有 1 个人获益。[94]Van Vollenhoven R, Zamani O, Wallace DJ, et al. Belimumab, a BLyS-specific inhibitor, reduces disease activity and severe flares in seropositive SLE patients: BLISS-76 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(suppl 3):74.https://b-com.mci-group.com/Abstract/Common/AbstractPreviewHandler.ashx?AbstractContentVersionID=27080&PreviewHash=51b126bd054e6572968b4aa044f5226e[95]Petri M, Levy RA, Merrill JT, et al. Belimumab, a BLyS-specific inhibitor, reduced disease activity, flares, and prednisone use in patients with seropositive SLE: combined efficacy results from the phase 3 BLISS-52 and -76 studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(suppl 10):190. 贝利单抗可在最常见的骨骼肌肉和粘膜皮肤器官方面改善 SLE 的整体疾病活动度,并在血液和免疫方面预防疾病恶化。[96]Manzi S, Sánchez-Guerrero J, Merrill JT, et al. Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Nov;71(11):1833-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465857/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22550315?tool=bestpractice.com 贝利木单抗作为自身抗体阳性(抗双链 DNA 抗体阳性伴低补体水平)的活动性狼疮患者的附加治疗。尚未在活动性狼疮肾炎或中枢神经系统狼疮患者、或接受静脉环磷酰胺治疗的患者中评估贝利木单抗的疗效。然而,一项关于贝利木单抗对于肾脏结局疗效的系统评价显示其可能具有治疗作用,且报道的初步数据很乐观,可支持其用于诱导和维持肾脏应答;还需进一步的临床试验。[97]Sciascia S, Radin M, Yazdany J, et al. Efficacy of belimumab on renal outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2017 Mar;16(3):287-93.https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1635358/325907/.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28147262?tool=bestpractice.com 该药在非洲后裔患者中的深入评估仍在等待中,因为初步的亚组分析提示,贝利木单抗用于这一种族时,疗效可能不如其他种族患者。一项试验发现,在标准治疗中加入贝利木单抗这一疗法在为期 4 年的疗程中通常耐受度良好,这提示贝利木单抗可用于长期治疗,且安全性较好。[98]Merrill JT, Ginzler EM, Wallace DJ, et al. Long-term safety profile of belimumab plus standard therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Oct;64(10):3364-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.34564http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674457?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,贝利木单抗治疗组较安慰剂组有更高的死亡率。[99]Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallacher AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011 Feb 26;377(9767):721-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296403?tool=bestpractice.com 接受贝利木单抗治疗的患者还发生了重度、致命性感染,并且在超过推荐的观察时间窗后,出现了致命性严重过敏反应。然而,一项 meta 分析的结论显示,贝利木单抗对于除狼疮性肾炎或神经精神性狼疮外的其他类型 SLE 似乎有疗效且通常耐受性良好,[100]Boyce EG, Fusco BE. Belimumab: review of use in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Ther. 2012 May;34(5):1006-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464040?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项 meta 分析探讨了贝利木单抗加标准治疗的有效性和安全性,其同样得出结论,这一联合疗法比安慰剂疗效更好,并且严重不良反应的发生率并无显著差异。[101]Wei LQ, Liang YG, Zhao Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab plus standard therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2016 May;38(5):1134-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27021607?tool=bestpractice.com 贝利木单抗的研发,以及其作为活动性抗体阳性的成人狼疮患者的辅助治疗获得批准,是该药物的一项重大进步。目前仅限于有治疗狼疮经验的专科医生使用。目前许多国家已批准了用于自我注射的皮下制剂。
利妥昔单抗
一种人鼠嵌合单克隆抗体,抗 B 细胞及其前体细胞上的 CD20;不抗浆细胞。除了 B 细胞清除机制,其他机制被认为在 SLE 的作用中同等重要。对使用传统治疗方案进行初始治疗难治的病例可能有用[102]Vigna-Perez M, Hernandez-Castro B, Paredes-Saharopulos O, et al. Clinical and immunological effects of rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis refractory to conventional therapy: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(3):R83.http://arthritis-research.com/content/8/3/R83http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677395?tool=bestpractice.com 并且有可能在 2 到 4 次输注后对系统性红斑狼疮产生长期缓解作用。许多已详细介绍的治疗方案包括给予利妥昔单抗联合静脉注射环磷酰胺(如果之前出现毒性、白细胞减少或感染,则不使用)、美司钠(尿路保护剂)和补液。两周后应重复。[103]Leandro MJ, Edwards JC, Cambridge G, et al. An open study of B lymphocyte depletion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Oct;46(10):2673-7.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/99017584/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12384926?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Anolik JH, Campbell D, Felgar RE, et al. The relationship of FcgammaRIIIa genotype to degree of B cell depletion by rituximab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Feb;48(2):455-9.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.10764http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571855?tool=bestpractice.com 开放研究已报告,利妥昔单抗对系统性红斑狼疮的肌肉骨骼、皮肤黏膜、肾脏和血液系统表现有持续有益影响,但是这些获益尚未得到双盲、随机 II/III 期临床试验的证实。[105]Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al; LUNAR Investigator Group. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Apr;64(4):1215-26.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34359/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22231479?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Merrill J, Buyon J, Furie R, et al. Assessment of flares in lupus patients enrolled in a phase II/III study of rituximab (EXPLORER). Lupus. 2011 Jun;20(7):709-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478286?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jan;62(1):222-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548300/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20039413?tool=bestpractice.com 研究发现,该药物在非洲裔美国人和西班牙人中疗效更好。[107]Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jan;62(1):222-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548300/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20039413?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管缺乏来源于随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 的有利结果,一项系统评价表明,利妥昔单抗可能对标准疗法难以治疗的狼疮肾炎有益。[108]Weidenbusch M, Römmele C, Schröttle A, et al. Beyond the LUNAR trial. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Jan;28(1):106-11.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/106.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22764193?tool=bestpractice.com
Blisibimod
Blisibimod 是 B-细胞活化因子 (BAFF) 的选择性强效抑制剂。 BAFF 是一种 B 细胞分化、成熟和存活的介体。 将 Blisibimod 用于治疗 SLE 正处于临床评估之中。 III 期试验正在进行中,2015 年 II 期研究已经成功地确定了一个安全、有效和方便的皮下注射剂量。[109]Furie RA, Leon G, Thomas M, et al; PEARL-SC Study. A phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of blisibimod, an inhibitor of B cell activating factor, in patients with moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus, the PEARL-SC study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Sep;74(9):1667-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748629?tool=bestpractice.com
罗塔利珠单抗
罗塔利珠单抗是一种人源化 IgG1 抗干扰素α单克隆抗体,正在进行 II 期临床试验。 探索性分析显示,在干扰素签名计量值低(干扰素调节基因表达的计量工具)的 SLE 患者中,罗塔利珠单抗与改善疾病活动、减少发作、减少皮质类固醇的使用有关。[110]Kalunian KC, Merrill JT, Maciuca R, et al. A phase II study of the efficacy and safety of rontalizumab (rhuMAb interferon-α) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (ROSE). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan;75(1):196-202.
Voclosporin
Voclosporin 是一种新型的钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂,通过改变环孢菌素分子的一个氨基酸制成,从而更好预测药代动力学和药效学的关系。 在美国,作为治疗狼疮肾炎的药物,该药已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的快速轨道指定授权。 IIb 期试验,AURA(Aurinia 活动性狼疮肾炎尿蛋白减少),已完成注册并正在进行数据分析。
Sifalimumab
sifalimumab 是一个全人类 IgG1 κ 单克隆抗体,它结合并且中和大多数干扰素α亚型。 它正被研究用于重症 SLE。[111]Khamashta M, Merrill JT, Werth VP, et al; CD1067 study investigators. Sifalimumab, an anti-interferon-α monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Nov;75(11):1909-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099191/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27009916?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Merrill JT, Wallace DJ, Petri M, et al; Lupus Interferon Skin Activity (LISA) Study Investigators. Safety profile and clinical activity of sifalimumab, a fully human anti-interferon α monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I, multicentre, double-blind randomised study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Nov;70(11):1905-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798883?tool=bestpractice.com