据报告,左旋多巴和脱羧酶抑制剂卡比多巴在一系列双盲临床试验中,对于治疗不安腿综合征相关的睡眠周期性肢体运动有效,并改善了生活质量指数。[2]Garcia-Borreguero D, Ferini-Strambi L, Kohnen R, et al. European guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome: report of a joint task force by the European Federation of Neurological Societies, the European Neurological Society and the European Sleep Research Society. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1385-1396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937989?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039-1062.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/TreatmentRLS.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851801?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Benes H, Kurella B, Kummer J, et al. Rapid onset of action of levodopa in restless legs syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, crossover trial. Sleep. 1999;22:1073-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617168?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter TC, et al. A controlled study of additional sr-L-dopa in L-dopa-responsive restless legs syndrome with late-night symptoms. Neurology. 1999;52:285-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9932945?tool=bestpractice.com[33]De Mello MT, Esteves AM, Tufik S. Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:218-221.http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n4/full/3101575a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060518?tool=bestpractice.com然而,并无重要证据证明左旋多巴对原发性周期性肢体运动障碍有效。事实上,一些研究已经表明药物可能诱发继发性周期性肢体运动障碍。
一些研究已经证实,短疗程的定期释放左旋多巴,可成功减少睡眠周期性肢体运动,从使用第一个晚上就有症状改善。已提议间断使用药物,因为睡前联合服用常释和缓释左旋多巴组合可提供更长时间的效应。[32]Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter TC, et al. A controlled study of additional sr-L-dopa in L-dopa-responsive restless legs syndrome with late-night symptoms. Neurology. 1999;52:285-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9932945?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究表明左旋多巴治疗和体育锻炼治疗,均可减少具有脊髓损伤相关的周期性肢体运动障碍患者的睡眠周期性肢体运动症状。[33]De Mello MT, Esteves AM, Tufik S. Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:218-221.http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n4/full/3101575a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060518?tool=bestpractice.com减少睡眠周期性肢体运动:低质量的证据表明,体育锻炼和左旋多巴治疗均可减少患有脊髓损伤相关的周期性肢体运动障碍的睡眠周期性肢体运动。[33]De Mello MT, Esteves AM, Tufik S. Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:218-221.http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n4/full/3101575a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060518?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于不安腿综合征相关的睡眠周期性肢体运动,左旋多巴可能导致白天不安腿综合征症状的加剧,造成清晨不安腿综合征症状反弹,特别是更高剂量水平时。[2]Garcia-Borreguero D, Ferini-Strambi L, Kohnen R, et al. European guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome: report of a joint task force by the European Federation of Neurological Societies, the European Neurological Society and the European Sleep Research Society. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1385-1396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937989?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039-1062.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/TreatmentRLS.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851801?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Benes H, Kurella B, Kummer J, et al. Rapid onset of action of levodopa in restless legs syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, crossover trial. Sleep. 1999;22:1073-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617168?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter TC, et al. A controlled study of additional sr-L-dopa in L-dopa-responsive restless legs syndrome with late-night symptoms. Neurology. 1999;52:285-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9932945?tool=bestpractice.com[33]De Mello MT, Esteves AM, Tufik S. Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:218-221.http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n4/full/3101575a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060518?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据支持使用多巴胺受体激动剂罗匹尼罗、普拉克索和培高利特治疗不安腿综合征相关的睡眠周期性肢体运动。缺乏关于原发性周期性肢体运动障碍的研究。[2]Garcia-Borreguero D, Ferini-Strambi L, Kohnen R, et al. European guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome: report of a joint task force by the European Federation of Neurological Societies, the European Neurological Society and the European Sleep Research Society. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1385-1396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937989?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039-1062.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/TreatmentRLS.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851801?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:177-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404588?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Saletu B, Gruber G, Saletu M, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. 1. Findings on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41:181-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828727?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. 2. Findings on periodic leg movements, arousals and respiratory variables. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41:190-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828728?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, et al. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology. 1999;52:938-943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102409?tool=bestpractice.com有试验表明罗匹尼罗可减少睡眠周期性肢体运动,改善周期性肢体运动障碍患者的清晨性能指标。[34]Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:177-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404588?tool=bestpractice.com减少睡眠周期性肢体运动和改善清晨性能指标:低质量的证据表明,罗匹尼罗可减少周期性肢体运动障碍患者的睡眠周期性肢体运动,并提高清晨性能指标。[34]Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:177-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404588?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。其余证据局限于在不安腿综合征相关的睡眠周期性肢体运动患者的研究中。[35]Saletu B, Gruber G, Saletu M, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. 1. Findings on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41:181-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828727?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole. 2. Findings on periodic leg movements, arousals and respiratory variables. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41:190-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828728?tool=bestpractice.com多导睡眠图表明普拉克索对于减少睡眠周期性肢体运动和睡眠周期性肢体运动-觉醒指数有效。[37]Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, et al. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology. 1999;52:938-943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102409?tool=bestpractice.com减少睡眠周期性肢体运动和 PLMS-觉醒指数:中等质量证据表明,普拉克索可减少不安腿综合征患者的睡眠周期性肢体运动和 PLMS-觉醒指数。试验同时表明普拉克索可缓解睡时和夜间的腿部不适。[37]Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, et al. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology. 1999;52:938-943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102409?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。培高利特与治疗期间出现胸膜纤维化和心脏瓣膜病风险相关。[5]Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039-1062.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/TreatmentRLS.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851801?tool=bestpractice.com
在不安腿综合征相关的睡眠周期性肢体运动研究中,最常报告的多巴胺受体激动剂造成的不良反应是液体潴留、肠胃不适、头晕和不安腿综合征加剧。白天疲乏、白天过度嗜睡和失眠症状可能抵消在周期性肢体运动障碍方面的任何潜在效益。