如果发育迟缓伴有多动障碍(特别是脑部 MRI 正常时),应考虑 Lesch-Nyhan 病 (LND)。
如果发育迟缓伴有自伤行为或尿酸生成过多的证据时,应怀疑该疾病。 应通过次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (HPRT) 分子基因分析确诊临床怀疑,最好还要检测 HPRT 酶活性。
由于 X 连锁隐性遗传方式,几乎所有患者均为男性。 然而,也有少数女性患者的描述。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 其他家族成员的 LND 病史可能指向诊断。 据报告,大部分种群中有 LND,发病率近似相等。
临床特征
典型 LND 患者通常在 1 岁前引起临床关注。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com 大部分患者会在生命早期(通常在 4 岁之前)引起临床关注。 LN 变体 (LNV) 患者发病年龄可能较晚,取决于发生肾脏或神经病变问题的年龄。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570.
一般来说,自伤行为开始于 2 至 5 岁,但在已描述的病例中,自伤行为始于 18 岁左右。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com 咬手指和嘴唇是常见的自伤行为方式。 随后的手指、嘴唇、舌头及口腔黏膜部分切除较常见。 这种部位偏好在其他自伤疾病中少见。
典型 LND 最常见的主要症状是运动功能发育障碍。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com 有时候以前已经获得的运动功能会消失。 认知功能通常受损,平均智商值约为 70,但报告描述也有一些患者智力正常。 患者并非整体智力退化,而是涉及注意力和思维灵活性的特定认知领域受损。 不自主运动是常见的主要症状,但可能出现在病程后期。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 出现全身运动性肌张力障碍,其特征为面部、颈部及四肢的频繁不相干运动,并伴有持续的肌肉收缩。 这会导致姿势扭曲,干扰自主运动。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570.[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com
根据检查,躯体生长比头围或骨龄更受影响。[23]Watts RW, Harkness RA, Spellacy E, et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: growth delay, testicular atrophy and a partial failure of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of steroids. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1987;10(3):210-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828760?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Mizuno T. Long-term follow-up of ten patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1986 Aug;17(3):158-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762872?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Christie R, Bay C, Kaufman IA, et al. Lesch-Nyhan disease: clinical experience with nineteen patients. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1982 Jun;24(3):293-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7095300?tool=bestpractice.com 就诊时常见全身性肌张力过低。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com 可能出现痉挛状态和反射亢进(提示皮质脊髓通路受累);[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 这些特征通常出现在病程后期,常为非对称性。病因未知,但它们可能是起因于颈部强有力的不自主运动导致的脊髓病变的结果。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 应对尿布中存在的橘红色“沙状”结晶进行检查,如果患者未自发报告该现象,医生应予以询问。 “沙状”和橘红色颜色是尿酸结晶和微血尿所致。[24]Mizuno T. Long-term follow-up of ten patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1986 Aug;17(3):158-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762872?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Christie R, Bay C, Kaufman IA, et al. Lesch-Nyhan disease: clinical experience with nineteen patients. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1982 Jun;24(3):293-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7095300?tool=bestpractice.com 睾丸萎缩较常见,青春期通常会延迟或缺失。[23]Watts RW, Harkness RA, Spellacy E, et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: growth delay, testicular atrophy and a partial failure of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of steroids. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1987;10(3):210-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828760?tool=bestpractice.com 还会发生隐睾。[23]Watts RW, Harkness RA, Spellacy E, et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: growth delay, testicular atrophy and a partial failure of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of steroids. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1987;10(3):210-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828760?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Mizuno T. Long-term follow-up of ten patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1986 Aug;17(3):158-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762872?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watts RW, Spellacy E, Gibbs DA, et al. Clinical, post-mortem, biochemical and therapeutic observations on the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with particular reference to the neurological manifestations. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):43-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7111674?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 典型Lesch-Nyhan 病患者中发现的自伤行为案例由 H.A. Jinnah, MD, PhD 提供;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
高尿酸血症
大多数 LND 患者因 HPRT 缺乏症,其血清和尿液中尿酸水平增高。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com尿酸水平通常作为发育迟缓或肌张力过低的代谢性检查的一部分进行评估。最好通过 24 小时尿液中尿酸-肌酐比值或 24 小时尿酸排泄总量对尿液进行评估。[13]Becker MA. Hyperuricemia and gout. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2513-2535. 虽然高尿酸水平可能会提供重要的诊断线索,但是对明确诊断来说,它们缺乏足够的敏感性和特异性。
高尿酸血症还与肾结石、痛风性关节炎、和皮下结节瘤有关。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 典型Lesch-Nyhan 病 (LND) 患者、Lesch-Nyhan 变体 (LNV) 患者及健康对照组的尿酸水平。 SD,标准偏差;HRH:次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (HPRT) 相关的高尿酸血症;HRD:HPRT 相关神经系统疾病由 J.E. Visserr, MD, PhD 和 H.A. Jinnahr, MD, PhD 提供;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
HPRT 酶活性
人们认为,在培养的完整细胞(如成纤维细胞)中测定 HPRT 活性比在细胞溶解物中测定 HPRT 活性更准确。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 残余 HPRT 活性的百分比可提供关于疾病严重程度的一些预测值。 临床表型是一种连续型:[27]Hersh JH, Page T, Hand ME, et al. Clinical correlations in partial hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Pediatr Neurol. 1986 Sep-Oct;2(5):302-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3508703?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Page T, Bakay B, Nissinen E. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase variants: correlation of clinical phenotype with enzyme activity. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1981;4(4):203-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6796771?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Page T, Nyhan WL. The spectrum of HPRT deficiency: an update. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1989;253A:129-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2624181?tool=bestpractice.com
Lesch-Nyhan 病国际研究小组网页上列举了可以测定 HPRT 活性的实验室。Lesch-Nyhan disease international study group
HPRT 基因分析
已开发出快速可靠的试验以便使用分子基因技术来鉴定HPRT 基因突变。 突变具有异质性,包括点突变和其他替换、缺失及插入。[11]Jinnah HA, De Gregorio L, Harris JC, et al. The spectrum of inherited mutations causing HPRT deficiency: 75 new cases and a review of 196 previously reported cases. Mutat Res. 2000 Oct;463(3):309-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018746?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Fu R, Ceballos-Picot I, Torres RJ, et al; Lesch-Nyhan Disease International Study Group. Genotype-phenotype correlations in neurogenetics: Lesch-Nyhan disease as a model disorder. Brain. 2014 May;137(Pt 5):1282-303.http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/137/5/1282.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975452?tool=bestpractice.com 某些基因突变可预测受影响蛋白质中的大范围畸变(例如大片段缺失、早期无意义突变或先前的患者中确定的突变),这些突变似乎是良好的疾病严重程度的预测因子。[11]Jinnah HA, De Gregorio L, Harris JC, et al. The spectrum of inherited mutations causing HPRT deficiency: 75 new cases and a review of 196 previously reported cases. Mutat Res. 2000 Oct;463(3):309-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018746?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Fu R, Ceballos-Picot I, Torres RJ, et al; Lesch-Nyhan Disease International Study Group. Genotype-phenotype correlations in neurogenetics: Lesch-Nyhan disease as a model disorder. Brain. 2014 May;137(Pt 5):1282-303.http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/137/5/1282.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975452?tool=bestpractice.com 点突变可能导致典型的 LND 或 LNV,这取决于突变对酶活性的最终效果。
Lesch-Nyhan 病国际研究小组网页上列举了可以寄送分子样本的实验室。Lesch-Nyhan disease international study group 在美国,分子样本还可以被寄至 Emory 遗传学实验室。Emory genetics laboratory
脑部成像
脑部成像通常不是Lesch-Nyhan 病诊断和治疗所必需的,但如果临床疑似其他诊断时可能会有帮助。 一般来说,无论是 CT 扫描还是磁共振成像,均无法显示明显的结构畸形或信号变化。[22]Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1201-17.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/129/5/1201/327116/Delineation-of-the-motor-disorder-of-Lesch-Nyhanhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549399?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, et al. Presynaptic dopaminergic deficits in Lesch-Nyhan disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun 13;334(24):1568-72.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199606133342403#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8628337?tool=bestpractice.com 常规成像通常显示正常,但可能显示脑容量轻度缩小。[31]Harris JC, Lee RR, Jinnah HA, et al. Craniocerebral magnetic resonance imaging measurement and findings in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1998 Apr;55(4):547-53.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=773664http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9561984?tool=bestpractice.com