目前,针对 Lesch-Nyhan 病 (LND) 尚无根治性治疗方法。支持疗法的选择取决于表型,表型包括尿酸生成过多及其并发症,以及不同程度的锥体束外和锥体束征,还有包括自伤行为在内的行为异常及大细胞性贫血等其他方面。
高尿酸血症
所有患者均有高尿酸血症。 别嘌呤醇抑制黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤转化为尿酸,从而通过有效降低血清酸水平来降低高尿酸血症相关的泌尿系统和关节并发症的风险。[36]Torres RJ, Prior C, Puig JG. Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Metabolism. 2007 Sep;56(9):1179-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17697859?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Sweetman L, Nyhan WL. Excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine in a genetic disease of purine metabolism. Nature. 1967 Aug 19;215(5103):859-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6049739?tool=bestpractice.com 用滴定法测量剂量以保持尿酸水平在较高正常值范围,但对于肾功能不全患者应调整剂量。 此外,大量补液对清除羟基嘌呤次黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤及别嘌呤醇代谢物羟嘌呤醇始终必不可少,这些也可导致(射线可透过的)肾结石。[38]Kranen S, Keough D, Gordon RB, et al. Xanthine-containing calculi during allopurinol therapy. J Urol. 1985 Apr;133(4):658-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3981718?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Morton WJ. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Urology. 1982 Nov;20(5):506-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7147530?tool=bestpractice.com
结石肾
肾结石(通过肾绞痛、尿路梗阻或常规超声随访鉴别)需要适当治疗以预防长期肾脏并发症。[39]Morton WJ. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Urology. 1982 Nov;20(5):506-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7147530?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Morino M, Shiigai N, Kusuyama H, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and xanthine calculi in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22(4):304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1523062?tool=bestpractice.com 采用别嘌呤醇进行治疗的 LND 患者的肾结石可能包含尿酸、羟基嘌呤黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤或别嘌呤醇代谢物羟嘌呤醇。[38]Kranen S, Keough D, Gordon RB, et al. Xanthine-containing calculi during allopurinol therapy. J Urol. 1985 Apr;133(4):658-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3981718?tool=bestpractice.com 这些结石具有射线穿透性,因此肾脏超声是首选的诊断方法。[39]Morton WJ. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Urology. 1982 Nov;20(5):506-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7147530?tool=bestpractice.com 小尿酸结石通常可通过增加液体摄入和碱化尿液而治疗,柠檬酸钾是首选的药剂。 大结石和羟基嘌呤结石可能需要进行碎石术或手术,但后者更难消除。[38]Kranen S, Keough D, Gordon RB, et al. Xanthine-containing calculi during allopurinol therapy. J Urol. 1985 Apr;133(4):658-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3981718?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Morino M, Shiigai N, Kusuyama H, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and xanthine calculi in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22(4):304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1523062?tool=bestpractice.com
肌张力障碍、舞蹈病及投掷症
LND患者的锥体外束病变特点大部分对目前可用疗法耐受。
各种药物治疗均已尝试过。 左旋多巴等多巴胺能药物对治疗运动障碍的效果不一致,并且有报告称其会使疾病恶化。[21]Visser JE, Schretlen DJ, Bloem BR, Jinnah HA. Levodopa is not a useful treatment for Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mov Disord. 2011 Mar;26(4):746-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506156?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watts RW, Spellacy E, Gibbs DA, et al. Clinical, post-mortem, biochemical and therapeutic observations on the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with particular reference to the neurological manifestations. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):43-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7111674?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Jankovic J, Caskey TC, Stout JT, et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: a study of motor behavior and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters. Ann Neurol. 1988 May;23(5):466-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2455472?tool=bestpractice.com 已有报告表明,使用左旋多巴/卡比多巴进行早期治疗(即症状发作后<1 年开始)能改善一名患者的运动障碍[42]Serrano M, Perez-Duenas B, Ormazabal A, et al. Levodopa therapy in a Lesch-Nyhan disease patient: pathological, biochemical, neuroimaging, and therapeutic remarks. Mov Disord. 2008 Jul 15;23(9):1297-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528895?tool=bestpractice.com ,但需要进一步研究证实。可通过在所选肌肉中注射肉毒素治疗重度肌张力障碍的症状(例如:欲改善手部功能或防止挛缩)。使用多巴胺受体阻滞剂(例如:氟奋乃静、哌迷清)或使用会耗尽多巴胺储量的药物(四苯喹嗪)不会一直改善舞蹈病样和投掷样运动。[26]Watts RW, Spellacy E, Gibbs DA, et al. Clinical, post-mortem, biochemical and therapeutic observations on the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with particular reference to the neurological manifestations. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):43-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7111674?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Jankovic J, Caskey TC, Stout JT, et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: a study of motor behavior and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters. Ann Neurol. 1988 May;23(5):466-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2455472?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Goldstein M, Anderson LT, Reuben R, et al. Self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by dopaminergic denervation. Lancet. 1985 Feb 9;1(8424):338-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857386?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Watts RW, McKeran RO, Brown E, et al. Clinical and biochemical studies on treatment of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Sep;49(9):693-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1649025/pdf/archdisch00849-0029.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4472817?tool=bestpractice.com 缺乏使用苯海索治疗 LND 的详细报告。
物理治疗一般有助于预防挛缩并保持总体身体状况。
锥体束征
巴氯芬和丹曲林等肌肉松弛剂可用来治疗痉挛状态。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570.
或者,可使用苯二氮卓类药物(例如:地西泮)。 苯二氮卓类药物还具有减轻焦虑的额外优点,焦虑会加重锥体外束征和行为特征。
肌肉松弛剂和苯二氮卓类药物通常会同时使用。
此外,物理治疗可防止挛缩并保持整体身体状况。
行为异常
没有一种药物治疗始终表明在治疗 LND 患者的行为障碍方面具有疗效,包括影响多巴胺和5-羟色胺代谢的药物。[26]Watts RW, Spellacy E, Gibbs DA, et al. Clinical, post-mortem, biochemical and therapeutic observations on the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with particular reference to the neurological manifestations. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):43-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7111674?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Goldstein M, Anderson LT, Reuben R, et al. Self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by dopaminergic denervation. Lancet. 1985 Feb 9;1(8424):338-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857386?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Watts RW, McKeran RO, Brown E, et al. Clinical and biochemical studies on treatment of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Sep;49(9):693-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1649025/pdf/archdisch00849-0029.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4472817?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Anderson LT, Herrmann L, Dancis J. The effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease: a negative report. Neuropadiatrie. 1976 Nov;7(4):439-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1087383?tool=bestpractice.com 没有报告表明药物治疗可持续有效地减少自残行为。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 由于结果不一致,尚未确立 S-腺苷甲硫氨酸对行为的积极影响。[46]Dolcetta D, Parmigiani P, Salmaso L, et al. Quantitative evaluation of the clinical effects of S-adenosylmethionine on mood and behavior in Lesch-Nyhan patients. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2013;32(4):174-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24001191?tool=bestpractice.com 行为异常对正规心理治疗也无一致性反应。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570. 负强化通常会增加包括自伤在内的有害行为。[47]Anderson L, Dancis J, Alpert M, et al. Punishment learning and self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Nature. 1977 Feb 3;265(5593):461-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/834300?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Bull M, LaVecchio F. Behavior therapy for a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978 Jun;20(3):368-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/669067?tool=bestpractice.com
处理困难行为障碍最有效的方法是认识到患者无法控制这些行为的事实,让患者处于活动环境中,为期望的行为提供正强化并主动忽视不良行为。 对于许多患者来说,让他们感觉被理解极其重要。
大部分 LND 患者需要某种形式的身体约束,如给手臂上夹板、用带子绑肢体或戴防护手套。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570.[49]Ball TS, Datta PC, Rios M, et al. Flexible arm splints in the control of a Lesch-Nyhan victim's finger biting and a profoundly retarded client's finger sucking. J Autism Dev Disord. 1985 Jun;15(2):177-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3997744?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Nyhan WL. Behavior in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. J Autism Child Schizophr. 1976 Sep;6(3):235-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086851?tool=bestpractice.com 保守措施失败时,为了防止撕咬,可能需要拔牙。[51]Cusumano FJ, Penna KJ, Panossian G. Prevention of self-mutilation in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: review of literature. ASDC J Dent Child. 2001 May-Jun;68(3):175-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11693008?tool=bestpractice.com 可接触到的硬物(包括轮椅)需要软垫。[52]Letts RM, Hobson DA. Special devices as aids in the management of child self-mutilation in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Pediatrics. 1975 Jun;55(6):852-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1134885?tool=bestpractice.com
患者在住院期间(仅限于绝对必要患者),应一直实施约束措施以防止自伤,包括睡眠期间。 该疾病不适用于卫生保健组织鉴定联合委员会 (JCAHO) 禁止长期持续约束的相关规定。
大细胞性贫血
大细胞性贫血可见于 LND 患者。[26]Watts RW, Spellacy E, Gibbs DA, et al. Clinical, post-mortem, biochemical and therapeutic observations on the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with particular reference to the neurological manifestations. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):43-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7111674?tool=bestpractice.com[53]van der Zee SP, Schretlen ED, Monnens LA. Megaloblastic anaemia in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Lancet. 1968 Jun 29;1(7557):1427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4173010?tool=bestpractice.com 病因尚不确定,因为血清维生素 B12、叶酸、铁及甲状腺功能检测通常都显示正常,补充剂通常无效。[3]Jinnah HA, Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al., eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2537-2570.