病毒并不直接杀死肝细胞。[16]Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection - natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1118-1129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014185?tool=bestpractice.com在HBV感染者中,宿主对病毒抗原的免疫反应被认为是导致肝脏损伤的原因。[17]Guidotti LG, Rochford R, Chung J, et al. Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection. Science. 1999;284:825-829.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221919?tool=bestpractice.com这似乎是细胞免疫反应而不是体液免疫反应主要参与了发病机制。宿主T细胞接受了淋巴器官内抗原提呈细胞呈递的病毒表位后诱导出现了抗原特异性T淋巴细胞反应。这些抗原特异性T淋巴细胞成熟并扩增,进而迁徙到肝脏。在急性HBV感染时,大多数HBV DNA通过CD8+T细胞依赖性非细胞毒性炎症反应从肝细胞内被清除,这种免疫反应由CD4+T细胞激发,主要通过γ干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子α起作用,这导致病毒复制下降并通过HBV特异性CD8+细胞毒性T细胞直接溶解受感染的肝细胞。[18]Guidotti LG, Ishikawa T, Hobbs MV, et al. Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity. 1996;4:25-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8574849?tool=bestpractice.com相比之下,慢性HBV感染者只会出现较弱的、少见并且局限的HBV特异性T细胞反应,并且在这些患者肝脏中出现的大部分单核细胞是非抗原特异性的。[19]Chisari FV, Ferrari C. Hepatitis B virus immunopathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:29-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7612225?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: HBV生活周期Ganem D, Prince AM. 乙型肝炎病毒感染 —— 自然病程和临床结果。N Engl J Med.2004;350:1118-1129;获准使用。 [Citation ends].
HBV可出现于肝脏外的其他部位,而其共价闭合环状DNA(cccDNA)位于肝细胞内,因而基于现有药物来根除病毒目前不太现实。cccDNA作为转录前基因组信使RNA的模板,在HBV启动复制中起着重要作用。[20]Tuttleman JS, Pourcel C, Summers J. Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus-infected cells. Cell. 1986;47:451-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3768961?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000;64:51-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98986/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10704474?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Seeger C, Ganem D, Varmus HE. Biochemical and genetic evidence for the hepatitis B virus replication strategy. Science. 1986;232:477-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3961490?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Newbold JE, Xin H, Tencza M, et al. The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes. J Virol. 1995;69:3350-3357.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC189047/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7745682?tool=bestpractice.com肝细胞内持续存在的cccDNA是体内病毒存在的标志。不幸的是,目前的治疗并不能清除cccDNA,而是只能降低其水平。[24]Zoulim F. New insight on hepatitis B virus persistence from the study of intrahepatic viral cccDNA. J Hepatol. 2005;42:302-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710212?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Yuen MF, Wong DK, Sum SS, et al. Effect of lamivudine therapy on the serum covalently closed-circular (ccc) DNA of chronic hepatitis B infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1099-1103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842584?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Wursthorn K, Lutgehetmann M, Dandri M, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2006;44:675-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16941693?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Wong DK, Yuen MF, Ngai VW, et al. One-year entecavir or lamivudine therapy results in reduction of hepatitis B virus intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA levels. Antivir Ther. 2006;11:909-916.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302253?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Werle-Lapostolle B, Bowden S, Locarnini S, et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1750-1758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188170?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Sung JJ, Wong ML, Bowden S, et al. Intrahepatic hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA can be a predictor of sustained response to therapy. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1890-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15940624?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Bourne EJ, Dienstag JL, Lopez VA, et al. Quantitative analysis of HBV cccDNA from clinical specimens: correlation with clinical and virological response during antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:55-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212645?tool=bestpractice.com即便是肝细胞核内持续存在的较低水平的cccDNA,也与治疗停止后病毒的反弹相关。此外,在复制过程中HBV DNA向肝细胞核的整合也可以揭示为何HBV慢性感染者肝细胞性肝癌的发生率增加。另外,HBV和HCV的共感染可协同增加肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝细胞性肝癌的风险,[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Chu CJ, Lee SD. Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, clinical features, viral interactions and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:512-520.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05384.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18397482?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Donato F, Boffetta P, Puoti M. A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1998;75:347-354.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0215%2819980130%2975:3%3C347::AID-IJC4%3E3.0.CO;2-2/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9455792?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Jamma S, Hussain G, Lau DT. Current concepts of HBV/HCV coinfection: coexistence, but not necessarily in harmony. Curr Hepat Rep. 2010;9:260-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023453/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258658?tool=bestpractice.com这是因为 HBV 和 HCV 均可以单独地感染同一肝细胞。[35]Bellecave P, Gouttenoire J, Gajer M, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection: a novel model system reveals the absence of direct viral interference. Hepatology. 2009;50:46-55.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22951/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333911?tool=bestpractice.com