急性感染的治疗
急性HBV感染者通常只需要支持性治疗。95%以上的急性感染者不治疗也可以实现血清转换伴随抗-HBs出现。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Sjogren MH, et al. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:1844-1850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3569758?tool=bestpractice.com
进展为暴发性肝炎或肝衰竭的急性 HBV 感染者可以接受核苷/核苷酸类似物治疗[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13:256-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611192?tool=bestpractice.com并且要同时考虑肝移植,是因为未进行肝移植的肝衰竭患者有很高的死亡率。[84]Lee WM, Larson AM, Stravitz RT. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: update 2011. 2011. https://www.aasld.org (last accessed 25 July 2017).https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/AcuteLiverFailureUpdate201journalformat1.pdf
慢性感染的治疗
慢性 HBV 感染是否需要抗病毒治疗取决于 ALT 水平、血清 HBV DNA 水平和肝脏疾病的严重程度,常规监测对于确定感染阶段很重要。在开始治疗前应当考虑的其他因素包括患者年龄、应答可能性、潜在的不良事件、肝细胞癌家族史以及肝外表现。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗的最终目标是改善肝功能异常和达到无疾病状态,特点是 HBsAg 阳性转变为 HBsAg 阴性的血清转换和产生 HBs 抗体。在 HBeAg 阳性慢性乙肝患者中,治疗有时可导致 HBeAg 消失并且 HBeAg 血清转换为抗 HBe。但总体来讲,目前的治疗方案完全清除HBV可能性较小,因此,在HBV慢性感染大多数患者中治疗的初步目标是将HBV DNA水平抑制至检测不到的水平。
HBV DNA的抑制水平很大程度上与耐药病毒的出现有关。因此,长时间内无耐药病毒的出现会获得更好的HBV DNA的抑制效果。对慢性 HBV 感染患者来说,长期病毒抑制可降低肝硬化、肝衰竭和肝细胞癌 (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) 的发生率(但不会完全消除风险)。[85]Papatheodoridis GV, Lampertico P, Manolakopoulos S, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide therapy: A systematic review. J Hepatol. 2010;53:348-356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483498?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Wong GL, Yiu KK, Wong VW, et al. Meta-analysis: reduction in hepatic events following interferon-alfa therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1059-1068.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04447.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807216?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Sung JJ, Tsoi KK, Wong VW, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of hepatitis B infection reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:1067-1077.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657133?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Miyake Y, Kobashi H, Yamamoto K. Meta-analysis: the effect of interferon on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:470-475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308310?tool=bestpractice.com然而,没有随机临床试验支持这个推测(因为此类随机对照临床试验的费用会极为昂贵,需要耗时 20-30 年)。
目前已有多种药物批准用于治疗慢性 HBV 感染:干扰素 α-2b、聚乙二醇干扰素 α-2a、核苷/核苷酸类似物。核苷类似物包括恩替卡韦、拉米夫定和替比夫定。核苷酸类似物包括替诺福韦二吡呋酯和阿德福韦。目前首选的一线单药是恩替卡韦、聚乙二醇干扰素 α-2a 和替诺福韦二吡呋酯。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: an update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:936-962.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844425?tool=bestpractice.com恩替卡韦和替诺福韦二吡呋酯均是目前已知的高强效抗病毒药物,[90]Woo G, Tomlinson G, Nishikawa Y, et al. Tenofovir and entecavir are the most effective antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1218-1229.e5.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(10)00901-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600036?tool=bestpractice.com但没有试验直接比较这两种药物。随着新的强效、更低耐药风险的抗病毒药物的出现,关于慢性HBV感染治疗的指南还会继续发生变化。不同国家的指南可能有所不同,应当查阅当地指南。
干扰素给药一般有预先规定的持续时间,而采用核苷/核苷酸类似物治疗直至达到特定的终点,这可能意味着长期治疗。对HBeAg阳性患者,如果HBeAg血清转换后停止治疗,目前治疗方案可使50%-90%的接受治疗者获得持续病毒学应答。[91]Gish RG, Lok AS, Chang TT, et al. Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1437-1444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983800?tool=bestpractice.com但是,在 HBeAg 阴性患者中,经常会复发,即便是对于 HBV DNA 被抑制到检测不到的水平长达 1 年以上的患者,这使得治疗终点难以确定,可能需要终生治疗。
无共感染/共病的 HBV 感染
如果患者有黄疸或肝功能失代偿,或肝活检是中重度炎症和/或显著肝纤维化,治疗应该立刻开始。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com
AASLD 指南建议,对处于免疫活动期的慢性 HBV 感染成人患者实施抗病毒药物治疗。这组患者的定义是:HBeAg 阳性,伴有 HBV DNA 水平>20,000 IU/mL 以及 ALT 水平超过 ULN 的两倍或显著的组织学病变;或 HBeAg 阴性,伴有 HBV DNA>2000 IU/mL 以及 ALT 水平超过 ULN 的两倍或显著的组织学病变。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗终点是 HBeAg 阳性向 HBeAg 阴性的血清转换,并产生抗 HBe。但是,一些 HBeAg 血清转换为抗 HBe 的患者在很长时间内可能仍有低水平 HBV DNA 或 HBV DNA 波动。这些患者需仔细进行HBV波动和HBeAg阳转的监测。如发生以上情况,这些患者可能需要再次治疗。对于HBeAg阳性,肝功能代偿,特别是基因型是A型,高ALT水平和低血清HBV DNA水平的患者干扰素可能是最好的选择。[8]Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2682-2695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15987917?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Wong DK, Cheung AM, O'Rourke K, et al. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:312-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8328741?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Lin SM, Sheen IS, Chien RN, et al. Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 1999;29:971-975.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10051505?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Flink HJ, van Zonneveld M, Hansen BE, et al. Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:297-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16454834?tool=bestpractice.com此外,干扰素α或聚乙二醇干扰素α是治疗完成后病毒持续应答率最高的药物。多项使用口服药物和聚乙二醇干扰素的研究提示,在治疗期间定量 HBsAg 水平发生的变化能够预测 HBeAg 血清转换或消失。[95]Zoulim F, Carosi G, Greenbloom S, et al. Quantification of HBsAg in nucleos(t)ide-naïve patients treated for chronic hepatitis B with entecavir with or without tenofovir in the BE-LOW study. J Hepatol. 2015;62:56-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176615?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Marcellin P, Buti M, Krastev Z, et al. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen loss in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Hepatol. 2014;61:1228-1237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046847?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Sonneveld MJ, Hansen BE, Piratvisuth T, et al. Response-guided peginterferon therapy in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B using serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels. Hepatology. 2013;58:872-880.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26436/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553752?tool=bestpractice.com研究还表明,对于未经治疗的患者,HBsAg 下降可能是 HBsAg 消失和持续性病毒学应答的预测指标。[98]Brunetto MR, Moriconi F, Bonino F, et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009;49:1141-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19338056?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Moucari R, Mackiewicz V, Lada O, et al. Early serum HBsAg drop: a strong predictor of sustained virological response to pegylated interferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative patients.
Hepatology. 2009;49:1151-1157.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22744/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115222?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Moucari R, Martinot-Peignoux M, Mackiewicz V, et al. Influence of genotype on hepatitis B surface antigen kinetics in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha2a. Antivir Ther. 2009;14:1183-1188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032548?tool=bestpractice.com已经展开了多项研究,用于评估不同干扰素制剂作为单药治疗或与核苷/核苷酸类似物联合治疗的有效性。目前,关于聚乙二醇干扰素与核苷/核苷酸类似物联合治疗方案的安全性和有效性数据较少,因此不推荐这种方案。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com
干扰素/聚乙二醇干扰素α优势是:短疗程,应答持久,无耐药,但它也有很多副作用,并且需要肠外给药和持续监测。因为使用简便,聚乙二醇干扰素优于非聚乙二醇制剂。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com能预测对干扰素治疗应答反应的因素包括:[101]Carosi G, Rizzetto M, Alberti A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: update of the recommendations from the 2007 Italian Workshop. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:259-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276760?tool=bestpractice.com
已确认病毒学突破的患者可以转换为耐药屏障较高的另一种抗病毒治疗,或可以添加有补充性耐药特征的另一种抗病毒药物;目前没有充分证据用于推荐一种方法优于另一种方法。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com
肝硬化
此类患者需接受治疗以延长生存期,通过预防肝衰竭或降低对肝移植需求来降低肝脏相关疾病发病率和死亡率。对失代偿性或代偿性肝硬化患者,最佳治疗方案是恩替卡韦或替诺福韦二吡呋酯单药治疗。这将减少耐药性的风险,同时在失代偿期患者肝移植前达到快速病毒抑制。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com在有失代偿肝硬化证据的患者中应避免使用干扰素和聚乙二醇干扰素 α,因为根据报告,这会导致严重不良事件发生率较高,包括脓毒症,以及治疗相关的肝功能失代偿风险。[102]Perrillo R, Tamburro C, Regenstein F, et al. Low-dose, titratable interferon alfa in decompensated liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:908-916.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7657121?tool=bestpractice.com仅在有代偿性肝硬化但无门静脉高压的特定患者中,才可以考虑聚乙二醇干扰素 α。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Buster EH, Hansen BE, Buti M, et al; HBV 99-01 Study Group. Peginterferon alpha-2b is safe and effective in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:388-394.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21723/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604363?tool=bestpractice.com对失代偿肝硬化患者来讲,阿德福韦不是单一用药最好的选择,因为长期应用会有较高的耐药率和肾毒性。单独使用拉米夫定在此类患者中也不建议使用,因为病毒发生耐药后有炎症复燃和肝衰竭的风险。[104]Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1521-1531.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033364#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470215?tool=bestpractice.com一项关于22项研究的meta分析评估了口服不同核苷/核苷酸类似物在治疗失代偿乙肝肝硬化中的安全性和有效性,发现虽然所有核苷/核苷酸类似物在治疗1年时均改善了病毒学、生物化学和临床参数指标,但拉米夫定和替比夫定的疗效受到了耐药的限制,而阿德福韦则受制于起效缓慢、病毒抑制力较弱。[105]Singal AK, Fontana RJ. Meta-analysis: oral anti-viral agents in adults with decompensated hepatitis B virus cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:674-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257108?tool=bestpractice.com
AASLD 指南建议,临床上有代偿性肝硬化并且 HBV DNA<2000 IU/mL 的患者应当接受抗病毒治疗,无论 ALT 水平如何,以降低失代偿的风险;有代偿性肝硬化并且 HBV DNA 水平>2,000 U/mL 的患者,按照对 HBeAg 阳性和 HBeAg 阴性免疫活动期慢性乙型肝炎的建议接受治疗。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com研究已经表明,抑制 HBV DNA 可阻止肝脏疾病自然进展为失代偿性肝硬化[104]Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1521-1531.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033364#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470215?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Papatheodoridis GV, Dimou E, Dimakopoulos K, et al. Outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine. Hepatology. 2005;42:121-129.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20760/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15962291?tool=bestpractice.com并且在一些情况下,还显示肝脏的组织学也有所改善。[107]Chang TT, Liaw YF, Wu SS, et a. Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2010;52:886-893.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23785/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20683932?tool=bestpractice.com关于代偿性肝硬化的最佳治疗持续时间,目前没有证据;如果终止治疗,应当密切监测患者。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com
对于失代偿性肝硬化的慢性 HBV 感染患者,必须转诊至肝移植中心。此类患者中聚乙二醇干扰素是禁忌。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com建议增加恩替卡韦的剂量实施治疗。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com对于失代偿肝硬化患者,替诺福韦二吡呋酯是一个替代治疗选择。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com数据显示,两种药物都是安全有效的,[108]Liaw YF, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Cheinquer H, et al. Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: a randomized, open-label study. Hepatology. 2011;54:91-100.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24361/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21503940?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Liaw YF, Sheen IS, Lee CM, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine/TDF, and entecavir in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B liver disease. Hepatology. 2011;53:62-72.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23952/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21254162?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Shim JH, Lee HC, Kim KM, et al. Efficacy of entecavir in treatment-naïve patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;52:176-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20006394?tool=bestpractice.com不过长期使用恩替卡韦等核苷类似物已发生乳酸酸中毒。[111]Lange CM, Bojunga J, Hofmann WP, et al. Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function. Hepatology. 2009;50:2001-2006.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23346/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19937695?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV共感染
HBV对HIV的自然史没有显著影响,但HIV感染及其治疗可能影响HBV的自然史,HIV 感染患者可能发生 HBV 再激活。[112]Altfeld M, Rockstroh JK, Addo M, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B in a long-term anti-HBs-positive patient with AIDS following lamivudine withdrawal. J Hepatol. 1998;29:306-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9722213?tool=bestpractice.comHIV和HBV共感染患者可能有较低的血清转换率和较高的HBV DNA水平。[113]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes for Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: hepatitis B virus infection. April 2015. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 25 July 2017).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/344/hbv
美国指南建议 HIV 和 HBV 合并感染的患者接受对两种病毒都有活性的抗病毒药物治疗 (antiretroviral therapy, ART),无论 CD4 细胞计数如何或者是否需要 HBV 治疗。首选方案是替诺福韦二吡呋酯和恩曲他滨。大多数接受 ART 的患者应当无限期接受 HBV 治疗。如果患者拒绝 ART,则治疗选择有限。如果缺乏完全抑制性 ART 方案,不应当使用有直接作用的 HBV 药物,因为可能发生 HIV 对 ART 耐药。[113]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes for Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: hepatitis B virus infection. April 2015. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 25 July 2017).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/344/hbv
丁型肝炎共感染
暴发性肝炎在HBV和HDV共感染中常见[114]Yurdaydın C, Idilman R, Bozkaya H, et al. Natural history and treatment
of chronic delta hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:749-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723036?tool=bestpractice.com治疗终点是抑制 HDV 复制,ALT 恢复正常和肝脏组织学改善。干扰素是目前治疗的主要药物。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com长期治疗是必需的;然而,需要进一步的研究确定合适的疗程。[114]Yurdaydın C, Idilman R, Bozkaya H, et al. Natural history and treatment
of chronic delta hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:749-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723036?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM. Hepatitis delta virus. Lancet. 2011;378:73-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511329?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究显示,高剂量干扰素 α 比低剂量干扰素 α 获得更高的病毒学、组织学和生化学反应。[116]Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:88-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8259188?tool=bestpractice.com大多数患者大剂量干扰素α停药后复发,但肝组织学改善可维持10年。[117]Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1740-1749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188169?tool=bestpractice.com聚乙二醇干扰素 α-2b 在过去曾被批准用于丁型肝炎合并感染,但由于商业(非安全)原因,在一些国家/地区已经停用。核苷(酸)类似物的结果令人失望。
妊娠和哺乳
如果病毒载量>200,000 IU/mL,应当考虑抗病毒药物治疗。数据表明,因为良好的安全性数据和高耐药屏障,替诺福韦二吡呋酯是妊娠 HBV 感染患者的首选药物。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Bzowej NH. Hepatitis B therapy in pregnancy. Curr Hepat Rep. 2010;9:197-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945465/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949113?tool=bestpractice.com美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 将其分类为妊娠 B 类,通常在妊娠晚期开始使用。目前还没有替诺福韦二吡呋酯预防围产期传播的对照临床试验。替比夫定和拉米夫定可以在妊娠晚期给药,安全性已被证实,与新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗和乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白一起使用,可减少 HBV 的围产期和宫内传播。[119]Han GR, Cao MK, Zhao W, et al. A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safety of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of
hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2011;55:1215-1221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21703206?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Shi Z, Yang Y, Ma L, et al. Lamivudine in late pregnancy to interrupt in utero transmission of hepatitis B virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:147-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567182?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Su GG, Pan KH, Zhao NF, et al. Efficacy and safety of lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:910-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040044?tool=bestpractice.com[122]van Zonneveld M, van Nunen AB, Niesters HG, et al. Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2003;10:294-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823596?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Xu WM, Cui YT, Wang L, et al. Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16:94-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19175878?tool=bestpractice.com为了预防围产期传播而采取的治疗持续时间尚未充分确定,可以持续到产后 3 个月或在分娩时终止;在分娩时停药可能有利,因为这样不会干扰哺乳。[31]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370-398.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)30185-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875?tool=bestpractice.com
根据一项针对 10 项研究的综述,与非母乳喂养相比,适当的新生儿免疫预防后进行母乳喂养不会增加传播率。[124]Shi Z, Yang Y, Wang H, et al. Breastfeeding of newborns by mothers carrying hepatitis B virus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:837-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536948?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,如果母亲的 HBsAg 阳性,婴儿应当在出生 12 小时内接种乙型肝炎疫苗和乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 (HBIG)。如果母亲的 HBsAg 状态未知,婴儿应当在出生 12 小时内接种乙型肝炎疫苗,体重小于 2000 g 的婴儿还应当接种 HBIG。对于体重超过 2000 g 的婴儿,应当测定母亲的 HBsAg 状态,如果为阳性,应当在 7 天内为婴儿尽快接种 HBIG。如果母亲的 HBsAg 为阳性,应当在 9 至 12 月龄时检测婴儿的 HBsAg 和抗 HBs,或在完成乙型肝炎疫苗系列后 1 至 2 个月检测。[50]Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 25 July 2017).https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf
儿童患者
慢性乙型肝炎在大多数儿童患者中表现为无症状性感染。一般来说,保守的治疗方案是可接受的,因为目前缺乏临床数据和治疗方案。根据乙型肝炎基金会专家小组意见,在非活动携带者中不需要治疗,在免疫耐受期治疗并无获益,这是因为治疗有较高耐药风险。[125]Jonas MM, Block JM, Haber BA, et al. Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: patient selection and therapeutic options. Hepatology. 2010;52:2192-2205.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23934/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20890947?tool=bestpractice.com根据 AASLD 指南,ALT 水平高于正常值范围上限 1.3 倍的儿童,如果 ALT 水平持续升高超过 6 个月并伴有 HBV DNA 升高,应当考虑接受治疗。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com然而,儿童中的 HBV DNA 水平一般非常高;如果水平<10^4 IU/mL,可以延迟治疗,直到排除肝病的其他病因和自发 HBeAg 血清转换。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com对于处于免疫活跃期或再激活期的儿童,肝活检有助于指导治疗决策,而且肝病家族史,特别是肝细胞癌家族史,某些情况下可以是早期治疗的原因。[125]Jonas MM, Block JM, Haber BA, et al. Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: patient selection and therapeutic options. Hepatology. 2010;52:2192-2205.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23934/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20890947?tool=bestpractice.com治疗应当由对治疗儿童 HBV 有经验的医务人员实施。
如果需要治疗,AASLD 指南指出,干扰素 α-2b 已批准用于治疗≥1 岁儿童,拉米夫定和恩替卡韦已批准用于治疗≥2 岁儿童(但恩替卡韦的耐药风险更低),替诺福韦二吡呋酯已批准用于治疗≥12 岁儿童。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com聚乙二醇干扰素 α-2a 已批准用于≥5 岁儿童的丙型肝炎,如果需要用于慢性乙型肝炎,可以考虑超适应证使用。[3]Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63:261-283.http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/hep28156.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566064?tool=bestpractice.com
随访慢性 HBV 感染儿童直到成年期很重要。