基础病理生理学未知。黑质致密部 (SNc) 中黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经元出现选择性缺失时,可见胞浆内嗜酸性包涵体(路易体)和神经突,两者均由突触核蛋白组成。一种越来越流行的理论认为,错误折叠的 α 突触核蛋白可以聚集内源性 α 突触核蛋白,从而在新神经元中以类似朊病毒的方式引发进一步的蛋白质聚集。[16]Oueslati A, Ximerakis M, Vekrellis K. Protein transmission, seeding and degradation: key steps for alpha-synuclein prion-like propagation. Exp Neurobiol. 2014;23:324-336.http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5607/en.2014.23.4.324http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25548532?tool=bestpractice.com 基底节 (BG) 回路内的纹状体多巴胺能输出减少是出现运动症状群的原因。一般认为直接通路活性下降和间接通路活性增加会导致苍白球 (GPi)/黑质致密带至丘脑的抑制活性增加,进而减少至皮质的输出。[17]Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol. 2003;91:9-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442660?tool=bestpractice.com
运动迟缓是 BG 功能障碍最具特征性的症状,[18]Jankovic J, Ben-Arie L, Schwartz K, et al. Movement and reaction times and fine coordination tasks following pallidotomy. Mov Disord. 1999;14:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9918345?tool=bestpractice.com 与多巴胺缺乏相关,这一点可以通过 PET 扫描测得纹状体氟代多巴胺摄取减少得以证实。[19]Vingerhoets FJ, Schulzer M, Calne DB, et al. Which clinical sign of Parkinson's disease best reflects the nigrostriatal lesion? Ann Neurol. 1997;41:58-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005866?tool=bestpractice.com 这是对丘脑底核 (STN) 和 GPi 过度刺激的结果。[20]Dostrovsky JO, Hutchinson WD, Lozano AM. The globus pallidus, deep brain stimulation and Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist. 2002;8:284-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12061508?tool=bestpractice.com 所致动作变慢和始动延迟可导致包括灵敏性下降、流涎、声音单调、缺少面部表情和手臂摆动幅度减小等症状。
尚未清楚了解强直的病理生理学机制,但长潜伏期牵张反射增强是普遍接受的假设。[21]Tatton WG, Lee RG. Evidence for abnormal long-loop reflexes in rigid Parkinsonian patients. Brain Res. 1975;100:671-676.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/172196?tool=bestpractice.com 姿势不稳由姿势翻正反射缺失和/或功能障碍所致。[22]Horak FB, Nutt JG, Nashner LM. Postural inflexibility in parkinsonism subjects. J Neurol Sci. 1992;111:46-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1402997?tool=bestpractice.com
静止性震颤 (4-6 Hz) 的确切病因未知。假设黑质纹状体变性导致 STN 或 GPi 的去抑制[23]Hedreen JC. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the human globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 1999;409:400-410.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10379826?tool=bestpractice.com 或者可能扰乱丘脑皮质小脑电路,[24]Koller W, Pahwa R, Busenbark K, et al. High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol. 1997 Sep;42(3):292-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307249?tool=bestpractice.com 导致出现了丘脑起搏器细胞的临床表现。[25]Lee RG, Stein RB. Resetting of tremor by mechanical perturbations: a comparison of essential tremor and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol. 1981;10:523-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7325601?tool=bestpractice.com 研究提示突触核蛋白病变实际上可能开始于下脑干(延髓迷走神经运动背核),并以可预测的尾端至喙端模式进展。[26]Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:197-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12498954?tool=bestpractice.com 也有证据支持病变可能从远端的肠道和周围自主神经系统开始。[27]Braak H, de Vos RA, Bohl J, et al. Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology. Neurosci Lett. 2006;396:67-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330147?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bloch A, Probst A, Bissig H, et al. Alpha-synuclein pathology of the spinal and peripheral autonomic nervous system in neurologically unimpaired elderly subjects. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006;32:284-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16640647?tool=bestpractice.com