帕金森病是最常见的神经系统退行性疾病之一,患病率随着年龄增长而增加。由于研究人群的年龄分布各不相同,所报告的发病率和患病率有所差异。帕金森病的整体年龄调整后患病率在全球范围内为 1%,欧洲为 1.6%。[2]De Rijk MC, Tzourio C, Breteler MMB, et al. Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in Europe: the EUROPARKINSON collaborative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:10-15.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/62/1/10.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9010393?tool=bestpractice.com 患病率从 60-64 岁年龄范围内的 0.6% 上升至 85-89 岁年龄范围内的 3.5%。患病率最低的国家/地区为中国、日本和非洲。[3]Zhang ZX, Roman GC. Worldwide occurrence of Parkinson's disease: an updated review. Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12:195-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8272179?tool=bestpractice.com
西方国家/地区的每年平均发病率从撒丁岛的 4.9/100,000 人年到明尼苏达州奥姆斯特德郡的 25.6/100,000 人年不等,后者被认为可代表北美洲的平均年发病率。[4]Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, et al. Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990. Neurology. 1999;52:1214-1220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214746?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Fahn S. Description of Parkinson's disease as a clinical syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;991:1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12846969?tool=bestpractice.com 美国的整体患病率预计为 329/100,000。[6]Rosati G, Graniere E, Pinna L, et al. The risk of Parkinson disease in Mediterranean people. Neurology. 1980;32:250-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6965773?tool=bestpractice.com
起病的平均年龄约为 65 岁。发生于 21-40 岁的病例被称为青年帕金森病;发病年龄小于 21 岁的为青少年型帕金森综合征。[7]Quinn N, Crtichley P, Marsden CD. Young onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1987;2:73-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3504266?tool=bestpractice.com 帕金森综合征在 0-29 岁的平均年发病率为 0.8/100,000 人年,发病率随年龄增长逐步增加到 80-99 岁的 304.8/100,000 人年。[4]Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, et al. Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990. Neurology. 1999;52:1214-1220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214746?tool=bestpractice.com
一些研究显示男性的患病率更高,而其他研究则未发现存在明确的性别差异。[4]Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, et al. Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990. Neurology. 1999;52:1214-1220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214746?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, et al. Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:278-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6333204?tool=bestpractice.com[9]de Rijk MC. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: the Rotterdam Study [PhD thesis]. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Erasmus University; 1997.[10]Diamond SG, Markham CH, Hoehn MM, et al. An examination of male-female differences in progression and mortality of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1990;40:763-766.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2330103?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, et al. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1583-1590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24976103?tool=bestpractice.com
一些研究发现了肤色较深人群发病风险较低的证据,但综述中表明无一致差异。[5]Fahn S. Description of Parkinson's disease as a clinical syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;991:1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12846969?tool=bestpractice.com[12]McInerney-Leo A, Gwinn-Hardy K, Nussbaum RL. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in populations of African ancestry: a review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96:974-979.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253330?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析发现亚洲人群的患病率较低,但仅在 70-79 岁年龄组中表现得较为明显。[11]Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, et al. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1583-1590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24976103?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管在神经退行性疾病中较为常见,帕金森病仍被认为是一种罕见的疾病,因此难以通过流行病学研究确定可靠的患病率和发病率估计值。同样,支持不同血统或性别人群的患病率存在差异的研究所用的研究方法也遭到了质疑。