治疗主要是针对症状而定,因为无治愈性或疾病缓解性药物可供选择。治疗的目的是补充黑质中消耗的多巴胺储备,从而最大程度减少或消除症状,进而改善生活质量。[68]Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, et al. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11-17.http://www.neurology.org/content/58/1/11.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781398?tool=bestpractice.com 是否进行治疗基于症状的严重性。药物治疗应联合物理治疗和职业治疗(步态和平衡训练、伸展和力量练习时需要)。轻度疾病患者可以选择延迟治疗直到出现残障。[69]Clarke CE, Patel S, Ives N, et al. Should treatment for Parkinson's disease start immediately on diagnosis or delayed until functional disability develops? Mov Disord. 2011;26:1187-1193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21495068?tool=bestpractice.com 开发可延缓疾病进展、逆转神经元损失的药物、甚至是通过识别有患病风险的患者群体并使用神经保护剂来预防神经元损失的研究正在进行中。[70]Suchoversky O, Gronseth G, Perlmutter J, et al. Practice parameter: neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology). Neurology. 2006;66:976-982.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/976.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606908?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hart RG, Pearce LA, Ravina BM, et al. Neuroprotection trials in Parkinson's disease: systematic review. Mov Disord. 2009;24:647-654.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19117366?tool=bestpractice.com
症状性帕金森症(需要治疗的症状)
在疾病早期,多巴胺能药物补充通常足以显著减少甚至是消除症状。但是随着疾病的进展,并发症将出现。辅助药物疗法在治疗这些并发症时有一定效果。但是最终随着疾病的进展,对于多数患者,药物治疗将变得不再那么有效,并发症使得治疗具有挑战性。帕金森症中度阶段是随症状严重性增加和疾病治疗中并发症的进展而随意定义。
帕金森病的非运动症状,例如抑郁、疲乏、认知损害、自主神经功能障碍和睡眠紊乱可能在病程的任意时间,甚至是在作出诊断或是出现广泛认定的运动症状之前出现。这些症状有很多种,对症进行治疗。[72]Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Arnulf I, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74:924-931.http://www.neurology.org/content/74/11/924.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231670?tool=bestpractice.com 临床医生筛查这些最近识别的疾病症状,这一点非常重要,因为这些症状可以导致显著的心理和生理伤残。[73]Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, et al. Effect of psychiatric and other non-motor symptoms on disability in Parkinson's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:784-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15086662?tool=bestpractice.com 尤其是抑郁,可能会累及 25% 至 35% 的患者,尽管有经验证的筛查工具,对该人群中这一症状仍可能存在认识和治疗不足。[74]Baillon S, Dennis M, Lo N, et al. Screening for depression in Parkinson's disease: the performance of two screening questions. Age Ageing. 2014;43:200-205.http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/2/200.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132854?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Bega D, Wu SS, Pei Q, et al. Recognition and treatment of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: the NPF Dataset. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4:639-643.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035310?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑到与疾病相关的症状群和症状列表,最佳的治疗策略涉及旨在改善生活质量的多学科团队方法。锻炼可以在疾病的任何阶段改善运动任务的功能性表现,[76]Lima LO, Scianni A, Rodrigues-de-Paula F. Progressive resistance exercise improves strength and physical performance in people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419910?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, et al. Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD002817.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002817.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018704?tool=bestpractice.com 因此应始终鼓励患者进行锻炼。尤其是渐进抗阻训练可减少运动症状并改善功能状态。[76]Lima LO, Scianni A, Rodrigues-de-Paula F. Progressive resistance exercise improves strength and physical performance in people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419910?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Corcos DM, Robichaud JA, David FJ, et al. A two-year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1230-1240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701730/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23536417?tool=bestpractice.com 其他活动,例如太极[79]Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, et al. Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:511-519.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1107911#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316445?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Gao Q, Leung A, Yang Y, et al. Effects of Tai Chi on balance and fall prevention in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:748-753.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519923?tool=bestpractice.com 和跳舞[81]Hackney ME, Earhart GM, et al. Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson's disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:475-481.https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-0362http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19479161?tool=bestpractice.com 也已被证实对帕金森病安全有效,并且可改善生活质量和减少跌倒。[82]Bega D, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Zadikoff C, et al. A review of the clinical evidence for complementary and alternative therapies in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16:314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143234?tool=bestpractice.com 物理治疗、[83]Allen NE, Sherrington C, Paul SS, et al. Balance and falls in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of the effect of exercise and motor training. Mov Disord. 2011;26:1605-1615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21674624?tool=bestpractice.com 作业疗法、[84]Rao AK. Enabling functional independence in Parkinson's disease: update on occupational therapy intervention. Mov Disord. 2010;25(suppl 1):S146-S151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187253?tool=bestpractice.com 和言语疗法对特异性症状(例如声音变弱和吞咽困难)的治疗非常重要。
尽管存在大量将营养性抗氧化剂用作帕金森病的神经保护剂可带来有益影响的临床前数据,尚未有临床证据显示任何维生素、食品添加剂或补充剂可改善运动功能或延迟疾病进展。[82]Bega D, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Zadikoff C, et al. A review of the clinical evidence for complementary and alternative therapies in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16:314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143234?tool=bestpractice.com
当患者可以对药物治疗产生明确反应,且症状得到改善或消退,依照惯例我们将其称作“开期” (on-time)。与之相反,“关期” (off-time) 指的是症状最严重的时期。
轻度帕金森症
左旋多巴被认为是确定性治疗方法,而且研究表明它不会加速疾病进展。[70]Suchoversky O, Gronseth G, Perlmutter J, et al. Practice parameter: neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology). Neurology. 2006;66:976-982.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/976.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606908?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,由于罹患异动症的风险增加,在开始治疗,尤其是对年轻患者开始治疗时,应考虑其他多巴胺能药物治疗。任意年龄组中对于轻度症状的一线治疗可能存在差异,[68]Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, et al. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11-17.http://www.neurology.org/content/58/1/11.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781398?tool=bestpractice.com 但是对于轻度症状合理治疗的起始点应是试用单胺氧化酶 B (monoamine oxidase-B, MAO-B) 抑制剂。这些药物具有中等的症状改善效果,最初认为雷沙吉兰可能具有缓解疾病的效果,能够较小程度提高较早接受这种疗法的患者的 UPDRS 评分。[85]Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, et al. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1268-1278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776408?tool=bestpractice.com 但是没有一种疗法被证实有明确的神经系统保护作用,[70]Suchoversky O, Gronseth G, Perlmutter J, et al. Practice parameter: neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology). Neurology. 2006;66:976-982.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/976.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606908?tool=bestpractice.com 并且来自雷沙吉兰研究的随访数据显示,相对延迟开始治疗的治疗组,较早开始雷沙吉兰治疗并未显示任何获益。[86]Hauser RA, Rascol O, Olanow W, et al. Effects of long-term rasagiline treatment on time to key PD milestones: results from the ADAGIO follow-up (AFU) study [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2014;29(suppl 1):655.http://www.mdsabstracts.com/abstract.asp?MeetingID=801&id=111643 同样地,多巴胺激动剂并未显示出任何神经保护特性。[87]Schapira AH, McDermott MP, Barone P, et al. Pramipexole in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PROUD): a randomised delayed-start trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:747-755.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714436/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726851?tool=bestpractice.com
如果 MAO-B 抑制剂无效,可以开始多巴胺激动剂或卡比多巴/左旋多巴辅助治疗。不良反应将得到监控,并可限制其在患者(尤其是老人)中的使用。卡比多巴/左旋多巴或多巴胺激动剂也是有效的一线治疗选项。对多巴胺能药物治疗无反应的患者不大可能患有原发性帕金森病。[68]Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, et al. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11-17.http://www.neurology.org/content/58/1/11.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781398?tool=bestpractice.com 但是在某些情况下,如在以震颤为主的病例中,在得出缺乏疗效前可能需要使用剂量高达 1200 mg 的左旋多巴。
抗胆碱药(例如苯海索)和金刚烷胺在治疗轻度症状(尤其是震颤)时也可能有效,但是抗胆碱能药物的不良反应常限制了其在老年患者中的使用。[68]Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, et al. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11-17.http://www.neurology.org/content/58/1/11.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781398?tool=bestpractice.com
中度帕金森症
这一阶段疾病的治疗与轻度帕金森症的初始治疗类似。但是,这一阶段的特点是在治疗中出现了并发症。首先,症状可能变得更加严重并需要更高剂量的药物进行治疗。联合使用卡比多巴/左旋多巴和多巴胺激动剂更加常见。
剂末效应(症状波动)
在疾病的并发症中,疗效减退伴随症状波动最为常见。定义为对药物治疗的反应和反应持续时间出现波动。患者根据药物治疗的时间不同开始出现症状起伏:也就是症状波动。
此时的治疗策略旨在延长多巴胺能药物补充的持续时间。
如果患者使用多巴胺激动剂并开始出现疗效减退(症状波动),增加服药次数(最多每日 4 次)可能会改善症状。然而,如果给药间隔已最大化,那么开始卡比多巴/左旋多巴治疗将是下一个合理的步骤。
在使用卡比多巴/左旋多巴时,添加儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶 (COMT) 抑制剂通常可以成功延长治疗效果。[88]Stowe R, Ives N, Clarke CE, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment to levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease patients with motor complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007166.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007166.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614454?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Talati R, Reinhart K, Baker W, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of COMT inhibitors and MAO-B inhibitors. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:500-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167259?tool=bestpractice.com 恩他卡朋常与每一剂左旋多巴一起服用。奥匹卡朋 (opicapone) 是一种新型选择性 COMT 抑制剂,并且已被证实在缩短关期方面不劣于恩他卡朋,在每天不引起令人困扰的运动障碍情况下可平均缩短关期 1 小时以上(略大于 1 小时)。[90]Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha JF, et al. Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:154-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725544?tool=bestpractice.com
可以在卡比多巴/左旋多巴中添加 MAO-B 抑制剂和多巴胺受体激动剂来缩短关期,在这种情况下可以减少或不减少所需的左旋多巴剂量。[88]Stowe R, Ives N, Clarke CE, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment to levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease patients with motor complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007166.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007166.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614454?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Talati R, Reinhart K, Baker W, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of COMT inhibitors and MAO-B inhibitors. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:500-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167259?tool=bestpractice.com 沙酚酰胺是一种新型、选择性、可逆性口服 MAO-B 抑制剂。与其他 MAO-B 抑制剂不同,它能阻断电压依赖性钠和钙通道,并能减少谷氨酸的释放。一项研究安慰剂对照 III 临床试验将沙酚酰胺作为左旋多巴治疗运动症状波动患者的一个附加疗法进行了研究,结果显示,在不引起每天 1-2 小时令人困扰的运动障碍的情况下,此治疗方案可延长“开期”的时间。[91]Schapira AH, Fox SH, Hauser RA, et al. Assessment of safety and efficacy of safinamide as a levodopa adjunct in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:216-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942720?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然此证据不支持使用缓释卡比多巴/左旋多巴或溴隐亭来缩短关期时间,[92]Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/983.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606909?tool=bestpractice.com 但是在临床实践中,可以试用缓释型卡比多巴/左旋多巴进行治疗。目前可用的缓释制剂的药代动力学特性通常不可预知。已有研究证实,与速释制剂和组合卡比多巴/左旋多巴和恩他卡朋相比,一种结合了速释和缓释型药丸的新型卡比多巴/左旋多巴缓释胶囊制剂能够缩短每天的关期时间。[93]Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, et al. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:346-356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23485610?tool=bestpractice.com[94]LeWitt PA, Huff FJ, Hauser RA, et al. Double-blind study of the actively transported levodopa prodrug XP21279 in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:75-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339234?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Stocchi F, Hsu A, Khanna S, et al. Comparison of IPX066 with carbidopa-levodopa plus entacapone in advanced PD patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1335-1340.http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020%2814%2900302-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306200?tool=bestpractice.com
其他治疗策略包络减少帕金森病用药之间的时间间隔,有效增加每日的用药总量。
持久性震颤
如果多巴胺能药物不足以治疗患者的震颤,则可以考虑添加抗胆碱能药物(如苯海索)或金刚烷胺。[68]Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, et al. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11-17.http://www.neurology.org/content/58/1/11.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781398?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,抗胆碱能药物可以导致或加剧认知损害,应告知患者这一情况,并针对这一潜在不良反应对患者进行监护。它们应谨慎用于存在任何认知损害的患者。
二线治疗方案包括用于治疗特发性震颤的药物,例如普萘洛尔和扑米酮。对于一些药物难治性病例,也可考虑深部脑刺激。
异动症
这是中度疾病的另一种常见并发症。
这些过量动作反映出多巴胺受体受到过度刺激。因此,第一种方法应该是考虑在不损失治疗效力的同时,减少多巴胺能药物的补充。如果无法实现,则可以使用金刚烷胺。[92]Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/983.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606909?tool=bestpractice.com金刚烷胺的缓释制剂已获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 的批准用于治疗帕金森病患者出现的运动障碍(此类患者正在接受左旋多巴为基础的治疗同时联合或不联合多巴胺能药物)。
晚期帕金森症
这一阶段的疾病通常会合并一段时间突然出现且无法预测的疗效减退、症状波动、冻结和吞咽困难。这些时间段可以通过多巴胺、阿扑吗啡注射剂型进行控制。这一皮下制剂对于那些在失能状态或在早晨起床时存在吞咽困难且症状较为严重的患者通常有所帮助。同样地,如果吞咽成为问题,可以使用可溶解的卡比多巴/左旋多巴和/或司来吉兰。这些被认为是急救治疗方法。[92]Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/983.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606909?tool=bestpractice.com
对于并发症(例如运动症状波动和异动症)对上述治疗策略无效的病例,已证实深部脑刺激 (DBS) 是一种有效疗法。[92]Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/983.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606909?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:581-591.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874872/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434403?tool=bestpractice.com[97]National Medical Association. Deep brain stimulation better than best medical therapy for Parkinson disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009;101:490. 其在帕金森病较早阶段的使用和获益也正在评估中。[98]Schuepbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al; EARLYSTIM Study Group. Neurostimulation for Parkinson's disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:610-622.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205158#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406026?tool=bestpractice.com DBS 是一种立体定向手术,使用一个与脉冲发生器相连的植入电极为脑内的目标核传送电流。[99]Lyons KE, Pahwa R. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004;4:290-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217543?tool=bestpractice.com 帕金森病中,DBS 的 2 个主要靶点是苍白球内侧部 (globus pallidus interna, GPi) 和丘脑底核 (subthalamic nucleus, STN),[100]Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2077-2091.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519680?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管丘脑腹中间核 (ventral intermediate nucleus, VIM) 也可作为难治性震颤的治疗靶点。通常情况下该设备将保持打开状态,但是患者在需要时也可将设备关闭。
持续经空肠输注左旋多巴/卡比多巴肠内混悬液可产生较小的药物血浆浓度变化。一项双盲对照试验显示,与安慰剂组相比,关期减少、开期增加,且没有使人困扰的运动障碍。[101]Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P, et al. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:141-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24361112?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Fernandez HH, Standaert DG, Hauser RA, et al. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson's disease: final 12-month, open-label results. Mov Disord. 2015;30:500-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674978/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25545465?tool=bestpractice.com
到最后,对于多数患者,外源性多巴胺能药物在治疗疾病时不再有效。神经元缺失的严重性阻止了症状改善。治疗变为支持性并最终变为姑息性。