Khan K, Wang J, Hu W, et al. Tuberculosis infection in the United States: national trends over three decades. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:455-460.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. May 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33 (last accessed 13 December 2016).
Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2155-2166.
World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. 4th edition. 2010. http://www.who.int (last accessed 13 December 2016).
Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:32-39.
Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;360:52-34.
American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1169-1227.
1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2017. Oct 2017 [internet publication].
2. Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006;367:938-940.
3. Khan K, Wang J, Hu W, et al. Tuberculosis infection in the United States: national trends over three decades. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:455-460.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2016. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017.
5. Lienhardt C. From exposure to disease: the role of environmental factors in susceptibility to an development of tuberculosis. Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23:288-301.
6. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:e147-e195.
7. Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e20.
8. Marks SM, Taylor Z, Qualls NL, et al. Outcomes of contact investigations of infectious tuberculosis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2033-2038.
9. American Thoracic Society. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:S221-S247.
10. Zuber PL, McKenna MT, Binkin NJ, et al. Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA. 1997;278:304-307.
11. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Hopewell PC, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in the United States among HIV-infected persons. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:123-132.
12. Toossi Z, Mayanja-Kizza H, Hirsch CS, et al. Impact of tuberculosis on HIV-1 activity in dually infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;123:233-238.
13. Daley CL, Small PM, Schechter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:231.
14. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:545-550.
15. Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU, et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:19-26.
16. Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, et al. Granulomatous infections due to tumor necrosis factor blockade: correction. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1254-1255.
17. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. The risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1592-1595.
18. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60:555-564.
19. Cantwell MF, McKenna MT, McCray E, et al. Tuberculosis and race/ethnicity in the United States, impact of socioeconomic status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1016-1020.
20. Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics. 1995 Jul;96(1 Pt 1):29-35.
21. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:e1-e33.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:7-10.
24. Behr MA, Warren SA, Salamon H, et al. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. Lancet. 1999;353:444-449.
25. Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, et al. Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl 4):S1120-S1129.
26. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:177-184.
27. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, et al; IGRA Expert Committee; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:1-25.
28. Doherty SD, Van Voorhees A, Lebwohl MG, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation consensus statement on screening for latent tuberculosis infection in patients with psoriasis treated with systemic and biologic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:209-217.
29. Miller LG, Asch SM, Yu EI, et al. A population-based survey of tuberculosis symptoms: how atypical are atypical presentations. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:293-299.
30. Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Burzynski J, et al. Clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis, a molecular epidemiology study. JAMA. 2005;293:2740-2745.
31. Jones BE, Ryu R, Yang Z, et al. Chest radiographic findings in patients with tuberculosis with recent or remote infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1270-1273.
32. Global Laboratory Initiative. Mycobacteriology laboratory manual. April 2014. http://www.stoptb.org/wg/gli/ (last accessed 12 April 2017).
33. Garay SM. Pulmonary tuberculosis. In: Rom WM, Garay SM, eds. Tuberculosis. 2nd ed. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003:345-394.
34. Catanzaro A, Perry S, Claridge JE, et al. The role of clinical suspicion in evaluating a new diagnostic test for active tuberculosis: results of a multi-center trial. JAMA. 2000;283:639-645.
35. Pai M, Menzies D. Interferon-release assays: what is their role in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:74-77.
36. Dewan PK, Grinsdale J, Kawamura LM. Low sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay for detection of active tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:69-73.
37. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1005-1015.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis (TB) (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 2009 case definition. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 15 June 2017).
39. World Health Organization. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis - 2013 revision. December 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 15 June 2017).
40. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement latent tuberculosis infection: screening. September 2016. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ (last accessed 13 December 2016).
41. World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principles and recommendations. 2013. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 15 May 2017).
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1650-1653.
43. World Health Organization. Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management. Mar 2018 [internet publication]
44. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. May 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33 (last accessed 13 December 2016).
45. Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2155-2166.
46. Belknap R, Holland D, Feng PJ, et al; TB Trials Consortium iAdhere Study Team. Self-administered versus directly observed once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Nov 21;167(10):689-697.
47. Villarino ME, Scott NA, Weis SE; International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescents AIDS Clinical Trials Group; Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3-month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:247-255.
48. Karumbi J, Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD003343.
49. World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. 4th edition. 2010. http://www.who.int (last accessed 13 December 2016).
50. Jasmer RM, Seaman CB, Gonzalez L, et al. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes: Directly observed therapy compared with self administered therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:561-566.
51. Critchley JA, Orton LC, Pearson F. Adjunctive steroid therapy for managing pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):CD011370.
52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing drug interactions in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis. June 2013. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 13 December 2016).
53. Gopalan N, Santhanakrishnan RK, Palaniappan AN, et al. Daily vs intermittent antituberculosis therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with HIV: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print]
54. World Health Organization. Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. November 2009. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 13 December 2016).
55. Severe P, Juste MA, Ambroise A, et al. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:257-265.
56. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:697-706.
57. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1492-1501.
58. Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1482-1491.
59. Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:32-39.
60. Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Phoorisri T, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving antituberculous and antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2006;53:357-363.
61. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis (TB). Frequently asked questions - XDR-TB. http://www.who.int (last accessed 13 December 2016).
62. World Health Organization. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. October 2016. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 14 April 2017).
63. Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;360:52-34.
64. East and Central African/British Medical Research Council Fifth Collaborative Study. Controlled clinical trial of 4 short-course regimens of chemotherapy (three 6-months and one 8-month) for pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1986;67:5-15.
65. British Thoracic Society. A controlled trial of 6 months chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis, final report: results during the 36 months after the end of chemotherapy and beyond. Br J Dis Chest. 1984;78:330-336.
66. Van Deun A, Maug AK, Salim MA, et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:684-692.
67. Dooley KE, Obuku EA, Durakovic N, et al; Efficacy Subgroup, RESIST-TB. World Health Organization group 5 drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: unclear efficacy or untapped potential? J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1352-1358.
68. Gler MT, Skripconoka V, Sanchez-Garavito E, et al. Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2151-2160.
69. Diacon AH, Dawson R, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, et al. 14-day bactericidal activity of PA-824, bedaquiline, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin combinations: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;380:986-993.
70. Anyama N, Bracebridge S, Black C, et al. What happens to people diagnosed with tuberculosis? A population-based cohort. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:1069-1076.
71. Fielder JF, Chaulk CP, Dalvi M, et al. A high tuberculosis case-fatality rate in a setting of effective tuberculosis control: implications for acceptable treatment success rates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6:1114-1117.
72. Penner C, Roberts D, Kunimoto D, et al. Tuberculosis as a primary cause of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:867-872.
73. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1169-1227.
74. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, et al. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:157-161.
75. Cheng V, Ho P, Lee R, et al. Clinical spectrum of paradoxical deterioration during antituberculosis therapy in non-HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:803-809.
76. Santiago S, Tobias J, Williams AJ. A reappraisal of the causes of hemoptysis. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2449-2451.
77. Johnston H, Reisz G. Changing spectrum of hemoptysis. Underlying causes in 148 patients undergoing diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1666-1668.
78. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis and air travel: guidelines for prevention and control. 2008. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 13 December 2016).
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台