低/中度风险患者
在没有任何禁忌证时,任何风险类别的所有患者都应该使用低剂量的阿司匹林进行治疗,这种方法显示可以轻微(可检测到)降低血栓风险,同时不会显著增加出血风险。[12]Landolfi R, Marchioli R, Kutti J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:114-124.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035572#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711910?tool=bestpractice.comPV 患者低剂量阿司匹林给药的安全性和有效性:有很好等级的证据支持这一结论。[12]Landolfi R, Marchioli R, Kutti J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:114-124.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035572#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711910?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。较高剂量的阿司匹林可引起出血风险增加。[72]Tartaglia AP, Goldberg JD, Berk PD, et al. Adverse effects of antiaggregating platelet therapy in the treatment of polycythemia vera. Semin Hematol. 1986;23:172-176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3749927?tool=bestpractice.com轶事的报道建议,极重血小板增多患者(血小板计数大约≥1500 × 10^9/L [1500 × 10^3/μL 或 150 万/μL])应避免使用阿司匹林,因为在这种情况下,阿司匹林会增加因极重血小板增多引起的获得性(冯)维勒布兰德(氏)病所造成的出血风险。[2]Elliott MA, Tefferi A. Thrombosis and haemorrhage in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol. 2005;128:275-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15667529?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Barbui T, Finazzi G. When and how to treat essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 7;353:85-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000360?tool=bestpractice.com目前没有数据支持禁用阿司匹林时可以使用其他抗血小板药物,但存在相关指南的 TIA 等临床情况除外。
静脉切开放血治疗或者血细胞消减治疗的目标是红细胞容积<45%。一项对比目标值<45% 与 45-50% 的随机试验证实了严格控制红细胞容积的重要性。在该试验中,即使是小到 3% 的中等血细胞容积差异也能导致心血管疾病死亡或严重血栓风险的显著差异。[36]Marchioli R, Finazzi G, Specchia G, et al. Cardiovascular events and intensity of treatment in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:22-33.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1208500#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23216616?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉切开放血治疗引发铁限制性造血。铁缺乏症几乎不会引起疲乏或认知速度减慢。一般情况下禁止补铁,除非继发全身性铁缺乏症状,此时可能有必要进行短时间的铁剂补充。在确认必须进行短时间试验给予铁剂补充后,应对其进行仔细监测,因为复发性红细胞增多症可能会迅速发生,所以只有有经验的医生才能尝试此方法。
建议积极修正所有患者的传统心血管危险因素。[7]Finazzi G, Barbui T. How I treat patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2007;109:5104-5111.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/12/5104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264301?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Vannucchi AM. How I treat polycythemia vera. Blood. 2014;124:3212-3220.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/22/3212.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278584?tool=bestpractice.com患者应正确地管理糖尿病、高脂血症和高血压,并获得恰当的建议以帮助戒烟。
高风险患者
除了上述治疗方案,建议在高风险患者中进行血细胞减灭化疗。[7]Finazzi G, Barbui T. How I treat patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2007;109:5104-5111.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/12/5104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264301?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Vannucchi AM. How I treat polycythemia vera. Blood. 2014;124:3212-3220.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/22/3212.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278584?tool=bestpractice.com应该由经验丰富的血液学专家对所有这些治疗进行监督。接受血细胞减灭治疗的患者对静脉切开放血治疗的需求较少,并且治疗的目标应该是消除对后者的需求。在低/中度风险患者中,静脉切开放血治疗或者血细胞消减治疗的目标是红细胞容积<45%。一项对比目标值<45% 与 45-50% 的随机试验证实了严格控制红细胞容积的重要性。在该试验中,即使是小到 3% 的中等血细胞容积差异也能导致心血管疾病死亡或严重血栓风险的显著差异。[36]Marchioli R, Finazzi G, Specchia G, et al. Cardiovascular events and intensity of treatment in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:22-33.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1208500#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23216616?tool=bestpractice.com
对于大部分高风险患者而言,首选的一线药物是羟基脲。羟基脲通常耐受性好,经证明能够降低高风险患者血栓的发病率,但有些数据是根据原发血小板增多症的数据推测来的。[74]Najean Y, Rain JD for the French Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Treatment of polycthemia vera: the use of hydroxyurea and pipobroman in 292 patients under the age of 65 years. Blood. 1997;90:3370-3377.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/90/9/3370.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9345019?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, et al. Hydroxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1132-1136.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199504273321704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7700286?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com羟基脲对血栓事件的预防作用:有中等级证据表明羟基脲在预防血栓并发症方面的有效性和相对安全性。[74]Najean Y, Rain JD for the French Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Treatment of polycthemia vera: the use of hydroxyurea and pipobroman in 292 patients under the age of 65 years. Blood. 1997;90:3370-3377.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/90/9/3370.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9345019?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, et al. Hydroxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1132-1136.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199504273321704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7700286?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。经证实,原来使用的多种治疗方法(例如苯丁酸氮芥、放射性磷和哌泊溴烷)可以引发白血病。[77]Finazzi G, Caruso V, Marchioli R, et al. Acute leukemia in polycythemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood. 2005;105:2664-2670.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/105/7/2664http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585653?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Kiladjian JJ, Chevret S, Dosquet C, et al. Treatment of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea and pipobroman: final results of a randomized trial initiated in 1980. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3907-3913.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/29/3907.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911721?tool=bestpractice.com目前的观点和证据效力都显示,羟基脲不会引发白血病或者引发白血病的可能性极小。[7]Finazzi G, Barbui T. How I treat patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2007;109:5104-5111.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/12/5104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264301?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Vannucchi AM. How I treat polycythemia vera. Blood. 2014;124:3212-3220.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/22/3212.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278584?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Barbui T, Barosi G, Birgegard G, et al. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:761-770.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205761?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Finazzi G, Caruso V, Marchioli R, et al. Acute leukemia in polycythemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood. 2005;105:2664-2670.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/105/7/2664http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585653?tool=bestpractice.com
羟基脲通过定量给药,从而保持血细胞容积<45%。通常,在几个星期内逐步定量升高剂量较为更安全。有些医生还会通过定量给药使 WBC 计数和血小板计数保持正常。血液计数每 1 至 2 周监测一次,直至稳定,之后每 2 至 3 个月监测一次。羟基脲很少与轻度胃肠道紊乱相关。最常见的严重反应是全血细胞减少。有极少患者出现皮肤溃疡、药物热和肝毒性,此时需永久停止使用该药。关于羟基脲耐药或不耐受的正式共识标准是:[79]Barosi G, Birgegard G, Finazzi G, et al. A unified definition of clinical resistance and intolerance to hydroxycarbamide in polycythaemia vera and primary myelofibrosis: results of a European LeukemiaNet (ELN) consensus process. Br J Haematol. 2010;148:961-963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930182?tool=bestpractice.com
在连续使用日剂量最少 2 g 的羟基脲 3 个月后,需要进行静脉切开放血治疗以将红细胞压积维持在<45%,或者
在连续使用日剂量最少 2 g 的羟基脲 3 个月后,骨髓增生未得到控制(即血小板计数>400 x 10^9/L [400 x 10^3/μL 或 400,000/μL] 且白细胞计数>10 x 10^9/L [10 x 10^3/μL 或 10,000/μL]),或者
在连续使用日剂量最少 2 g 的羟基脲 3 个月后,未能将脾肿大(器官在肋缘之下延伸>10 cm)减小 50% 以上(通过触诊),或未能完全缓解与脾肿大相关的症状,或者
在按照获得完全或部分临床血液学反应所需的最低剂量使用羟基脲后,中性粒细胞绝对计数<1.0 x 10^9/L [1.0 x 10^3/μL 或 1000/μL] 或血小板计数<100 x 10^9/L(100 x 10^3/μL 或 100,000/μL)或血红蛋白<100 g/L (10 g/dL),[69]Barosi G, Mesa R, Finazzi G, et al. Revised response criteria for polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: an ELN and IWG-MRT consensus project. Blood. 2013;121:4778-4781.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/121/23/4778.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23591792?tool=bestpractice.com或者
在使用任何剂量的羟基脲后,出现腿部溃疡或其他无法接受的羟基脲相关性非血液毒性,例如皮肤黏膜表现、胃肠道症状、肺炎或发热。
如果可能,不能耐受羟基脲的高风险患者[79]Barosi G, Birgegard G, Finazzi G, et al. A unified definition of clinical resistance and intolerance to hydroxycarbamide in polycythaemia vera and primary myelofibrosis: results of a European LeukemiaNet (ELN) consensus process. Br J Haematol. 2010;148:961-963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930182?tool=bestpractice.com应使用干扰素α或芦可替尼治疗。[8]Vannucchi AM. How I treat polycythemia vera. Blood. 2014;124:3212-3220.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/22/3212.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278584?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian JJ, Griesshammer M, et al. Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:426-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629741?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Barbui T, Barosi G, Birgegard G, et al. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:761-770.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205761?tool=bestpractice.com血液参数的改进:有中等级的证据证明干扰素能改善 PV 患者的血液参数。[80]Silver RT. Treatment of polycythemia vera. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32:437-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16810620?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Kiladjian JJ, Cassinat B, Turlure P, et al. High molecular response rate of polycythemia vera patients treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Blood. 2006;108:2037-2040.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/108/6/2037http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709929?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。由于担心羟基脲有潜在的致白血病性风险,有些临床医生建议较年轻的患者(大约≤40 岁)使用干扰素α作为首选药。[7]Finazzi G, Barbui T. How I treat patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2007;109:5104-5111.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/12/5104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264301?tool=bestpractice.com干扰素α不仅治疗费用非常高,而且耐受性也差。毒性很常见,并且可非常严重;但聚乙二醇干扰素α(被称为聚乙二醇干扰素)似乎更有效(76%-95% 的完全血液学反应 [CHR])且耐受性更好。[81]Kiladjian JJ, Cassinat B, Turlure P, et al. High molecular response rate of polycythemia vera patients treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Blood. 2006;108:2037-2040.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/108/6/2037http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709929?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Quintás-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, Manshouri T, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a yields high rates of hematologic and molecular response in patients with advanced essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5418-5424.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/32/5418.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826111?tool=bestpractice.com此药可引发克隆(分子学)缓解,其中一部分 (18%-19%) 可完全缓解,[81]Kiladjian JJ, Cassinat B, Turlure P, et al. High molecular response rate of polycythemia vera patients treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Blood. 2006;108:2037-2040.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/108/6/2037http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709929?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Quintás-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, Manshouri T, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a yields high rates of hematologic and molecular response in patients with advanced essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5418-5424.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/32/5418.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826111?tool=bestpractice.com但不同于在慢性髓性白血病中,这一结果的临床意义尚不明确,该药似乎并不针对非 JAK2 突变克隆,例如携带 TET2 或其他表观遗传调节子(例如,ASXL1、EZH2、DNMT3A 或 IDH1/2)的突变克隆。[83]Kiladjian JJ, Massé A, Cassinat B, et al; French Intergroup of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (FIM). Clonal analysis of erythroid progenitors suggests that pegylated interferon alpha-2a treatment targets JAK2V617F clones without affecting TET2 mutant cells. Leukemia. 2010;24:1519-1523.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520643?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Quintás-Cardama A, Abdel-Wahab O, Manshouri T, et al. Molecular analysis of patients with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia receiving pegylated interferon α-2a. Blood. 2013;122:893-901.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/6/893.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782935?tool=bestpractice.com
干扰素的常见不良反应包括胃肠道不适、发热或者类流感症状。患者还会出现虚弱、体重减轻、严重抑郁、心血管疾病症状和自身免疫性疾病。在行干扰素治疗之前,需要筛查患者是否有抑郁和其他精神疾病,并且必须监测毒性,包括常规的甲状腺功能检测。
一项随机试验以对羟基脲耐受性差或耐药的 PV 患者为试验对象,对比了 JAK1/2 抑制剂芦可替尼与目前可用的最佳疗法的疗效。[55]Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian JJ, Griesshammer M, et al. Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:426-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629741?tool=bestpractice.com该试验发现,芦可替尼的治疗效果在红细胞压积控制(60% 比 20%)、脾萎缩(38% 比 1%)和对 PV 相关症状(如瘙痒)的缓解(49% 比 5%)等方面要优于标准治疗。芦可替尼组和标准治疗组的患者分别有 24% 和 9% 获得了 CHR。这项研究结果使得芦可替尼被批准作为羟基脲治疗失败后的首选二线药物。有报道称芦可替尼可在少数 PV 患者中诱导完全分子学缓解。[85]Pieri L, Pancrazzi A, Pacilli A, et al. JAK2V617F complete molecular remission in polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia patients treated with ruxolitinib. Blood. 2015;125:3352-3353.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/125/21/3352.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999444?tool=bestpractice.com
不能耐受这些药物的患者的药物选择更加有限,包括阿那格雷、白消安或者放射性磷。阿那格雷 (Anagrelide) 极少使用,因为它虽然可以控制血小板计数,但却不能控制血红蛋白,并且也未被证实可以减少 PV 患者的血栓形成。副作用包括心动过速、头痛和水肿。当与阿司匹林同时使用时,该药还可能增加出血风险。因此,许多医生不愿意同时使用这些药物。原发性血小板增多症患者数据显示它能增加骨髓纤维化的风险。[76]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com
对于预期寿命较短且对所有其他治疗不耐受的患者,可考虑白消安、哌泊溴烷 (pipobroman) 或放射性磷。[71]Barbui T, Barosi G, Birgegard G, et al. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:761-770.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205761?tool=bestpractice.com在一些研究中已经发现,使用这些药物进行治疗与白血病转化风险高相关,[77]Finazzi G, Caruso V, Marchioli R, et al. Acute leukemia in polycythemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood. 2005;105:2664-2670.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/105/7/2664http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585653?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Kiladjian JJ, Chevret S, Dosquet C, et al. Treatment of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea and pipobroman: final results of a randomized trial initiated in 1980. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3907-3913.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/29/3907.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911721?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Björkholm M, Derolf AR, Hultcrantz M, et al. Treatment-related risk factors for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes in myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2410-2415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107755/pdf/zlj2410.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21537037?tool=bestpractice.com虽然一项大型研究表明,白消安不会引发白血病。[10]Tefferi A, Rumi E, Finazzi G, et al. Survival and prognosis among 1545 patients with contemporary polycythemia vera: an international study. Leukemia. 2013;27:1874-1881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768558/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739289?tool=bestpractice.com放射性磷的使用需要在核医学顾问和血液科医生的监督下进行专业给药。