英国食品标准局 (Food Standards Agency) 的报告显示在英国每年有 500,000 例食物中毒,其中 280,000 例因弯曲杆菌引起,80,000 例因产气荚膜梭菌引起,74,000 例因诺如病毒引起。估计有 1000 万例肠道传染病病例未得到诊断。[3]O'Brien SJ, Larose TL, Adak GK, et al. Modelling study to estimate the health burden of foodborne diseases: cases, general practice consultations and hospitalisations in the UK, 2009. BMJ Open. 2016 Sep 13;6(9):e011119.http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/9/e011119.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27625054?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Food Standards Agency. New UK food poisoning figures published. 26 June 2014 [internet publication].https://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2014/6097/foodpoisoning
据估计,在美国食源性疾病的年发病率为 1/4。另有估计指出,在美国每人每 3-4 年就会患一次食源性疾病。
美国疾病预防控制中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 的一项研究显示,据估计,在美国食源性疾病每年导致约 1.79 亿例病例、487,000 例住院治疗及 6,200 例死亡。其中,估计有 940 万例疾病、56,000 例住院治疗和 1,300 例死亡患者的病原体已确认。[5]Scallan E, Griffin PM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States - unspecified agents. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):16-22.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/1/P2-1101_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21192849?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burden of foodborne illness: findings. July 2016 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html沙门氏菌、李斯特氏菌和弓形虫造成 1000 例患者死亡。其余 1.41 亿例疾病、258,000 例住院患者和3,500 例死亡患者的病原体未得到确认。整体来说,与预估值相比,食源性疾病的发病率更高,但死亡率更低。[7]McCabe-Sellers BJ, Beattie SE. Food safety: emerging trends in foodborne illness surveillance and prevention. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Nov;104(11):1708-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499359?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Wallace DJ, Van Gilder T, Shallow S, et al. Incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet)-1997. FoodNet Working Group. J Food Prot. 2000 Jun;63(6):807-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10852576?tool=bestpractice.com[9]World Health Organization. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf
在世界范围内,急性痢疾最常见的病因仍为志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌以及弯曲菌,其他常见病因在发达国家为产志贺样毒素大肠杆菌 (STEC),在发展中国家为溶组织内阿米巴。[10]Pfeiffer ML, DuPont HL, Ochoa TJ. The patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):374-86.http://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(12)00007-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266388?tool=bestpractice.com 弯曲菌、沙门氏菌病以及产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌 (VETC) 的普遍感染时间与温带气候的季节性变化相关,均在夏季达到高峰。隐孢子虫病有春季和夏季两个高峰,且随温度有显著变化。贾第虫病在夏季的增长相对较小,且随温度变化最小。[11]Lal A, Hales S, French N, et al. Seasonality in human zoonotic enteric diseases: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e31883.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031883http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22485127?tool=bestpractice.com
吸虫病在世界范围的许多地方流行,估计 2005 年有 5600 万人感染此病,主要分布在亚洲和南美洲。[2]Fürst T, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, et al. Manifestation, diagnosis, and management of foodborne trematodiasis. BMJ. 2012 Jun 26;344:e4093.http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e4093.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22736467?tool=bestpractice.com 随着内陆水域养殖、旅游及食品贸易的增长,患病率越来越高。