派姆单抗
帕博利珠单抗 (pembrolizumab) 是一种抗细胞程序性死亡蛋白 1 抗体,为免疫检查点抑制剂。其作用机制为阻断导致机体对肿瘤发生免疫耐受的通路。[171]Wang X, Bao Z, Zhang X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017 May 31;8(35):59901-14.http://www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/index.php?journal=oncotarget&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=18316&path%5B%5D=58728http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28938692?tool=bestpractice.com 帕博利珠单抗已获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 的加速审批,用于治疗有不可切除或转移性的已发现具有特定生物标志物的实体肿瘤患者,这种生物标志物被称为高度微卫星不稳定性 (MSI-H) 或错配修复缺陷 (dMMR)。[172]US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for first tissue/site agnostic indication. May 2017 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm560040.htm 这种批准是独一无二的,即:FDA 首次批准一种癌症治疗方法是基于存在一种肿瘤生物标志物,而非肿瘤在体内的位置。目前,研究派姆单抗治疗前列腺癌疗效的 I 期和 II 期临床试验正在进行中。[173]ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase II trial of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in subjects with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with chemotherapy (KEYNOTE-199). June 2018 [internet publication].https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02787005[174]ClinicalTrials.gov. A randomized, phase II study evaluating the addition of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) to radium-223 in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). March 2018 [internet publication].https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03093428[175]ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase Ib/II trial of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) combination therapies in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) (KEYNOTE-365). March 2018 [internet publication].https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02861573?cond=Phase+Ib%2FII+Trial+of+Pembrolizumab+%28MK-3475%29+Combination+Therapies+in+Metastatic+Castration-Resistant+Prostate+Cancer+%28mCRPC%29+%28KEYNOTE-365%29&rank=1
恩杂鲁胺 (apalutamide)
恩杂鲁胺是雄激素受体的竞争性抑制剂。一项 II 期临床试验纳入了发生转移病变风险较高(由前列腺特异性抗原倍增时间 <10 个月所提示)的非转移性去势抵抗前列腺癌患者,该试验发现,与去势治疗联合安慰剂相比,在去势治疗基础上联合恩杂鲁胺可显著延迟发生转移和症状性进展的时间。[176]Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, et al. Apalutamide treatment and metastasis-free survival in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 12;378(15):1408-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420164?tool=bestpractice.com FDA 已批准恩杂鲁胺用于治疗非转移性去势抵抗前列腺癌。
雄激素替代治疗
尽管普遍认为,睾酮替代治疗禁忌用于已知/怀疑前列腺癌的患者,但目前尚无强有力的证据证实,对于睾酮水平较低但未达正常去势水平的患者,保持血清睾酮正常水平会加重病情。在有关前列腺癌治疗后应用睾酮替代治疗的少量病例系列研究中,未观察到临床或生化进展。[177]Rhoden EL, Averbeck MA, Teloken PE. Androgen replacement in men undergoing treatment for prostate cancer. J Sex Med. 2008 Sep;5(9):2202-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18638000?tool=bestpractice.com
冷冻疗法
在超声的引导下,将特制的金属丝经会阴放入前列腺。利用高纯度的氩气冷却金属丝顶部,从而冷冻周围组织,杀死前列腺癌细胞。应使用充满温水的尿管防止尿道被冻伤。约有多达 90% 的患者会出现阳痿。起初这种方法是作为初始治疗失败后的挽救性治疗,[157]Pisters LL, Dinney CP, Pettaway CA, et al. A feasibility study of cryotherapy followed by radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol. 1999 Feb;161(2):509-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915437?tool=bestpractice.com 目前也有人将其作为器官局限性前列腺癌的初始治疗进行研究。[178]Bahn DK, Lee F, Badalament R, et al. Targeted cryoablation of the prostate: 7-year outcomes in the primary treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 2002 Aug;60(2 suppl 1):3-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206842?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Cresswell J, Asterling S, Chaudhary M, et al. Third-generation cryotherapy for prostate cancer in the UK: a prospective study of the early outcomes in primary and recurrent disease. BJU Int. 2006 May;97(5):969-74.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06073.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16643478?tool=bestpractice.com 由于证据有限,很难确定此疗法的相对有效性。[180]Jung JH, Risk MC, Goldfarb R, et al. Primary cryotherapy for localised or locally advanced prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 30;(5):CD005010.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005010.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29845595?tool=bestpractice.com 需要临床随机研究来彻底评价冷冻治疗对于前列腺癌的潜在效果。[181]Eggener S, Salomon G, Scardino PT, et al. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: possibilities and limitations. Eur Urol. 2010 Jul;58(1):57-64.http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(10)00287-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378241?tool=bestpractice.com
高强度聚焦超声 (HIFU)
在 HIFU 治疗时,高强度的超声束被精准地聚焦到病变组织上,在靶点的温度升高至 65℃-85℃,通过凝固性坏死破坏病变组织。目前这一治疗方法正在美国和欧洲进行研究。很多亚洲国家的研究表明,对于局限性前列腺癌,HIFU 具有潜在优势,但 HIFU 目前不是一种公认的标准治疗。[181]Eggener S, Salomon G, Scardino PT, et al. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: possibilities and limitations. Eur Urol. 2010 Jul;58(1):57-64.http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(10)00287-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378241?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Lee HM, Hong JH, Choi HY. High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(4):439-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847468?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Uchida T, Ohkusa H, Yamashita H, et al. Five years experience of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound using the Sonablate device in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Urol. 2006 Mar;13(3):228-33.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01272.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16643614?tool=bestpractice.com[184]Uchida T, Baba S, Irie A, et al. Transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of localized prostate cancer: a multicenter study. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2005 Oct;51(10):651-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285617?tool=bestpractice.com
血管靶向光动力 (vascular-targeted photodynamic, VTP) 疗法
一项 III 期临床试验纳入了 413 位低风险前列腺癌患者,第 24 个月前列腺癌活检阴性率在使用光敏剂帕利泊芬 (padeliporfin) 的 VTP 治疗组中要高于积极监测组 (49% vs 14%)。[185]Azzouzi AR, Vincendeau S, Barret E, et al. Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer (CLIN1001 PCM301): an open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Feb;18(2):181-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28007457?tool=bestpractice.com 使用帕利泊芬进行 VTP 疗法也可延迟疾病进展时间。最常见的副作用包括尿痛、血尿和勃起功能障碍。使用帕利泊芬进行 VTP 治疗在欧洲已被批准用于未曾接受过治疗、单侧、低危前列腺癌且预期寿命在 10 年以内的患者。[186]European Medicines Agency. Tookad: padeliporfin. November 2017 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004182/human_med_002190.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124
非转移性局部晚期前列腺癌的化疗
欧洲一项大型的 Ⅲ 期临床研究已经完成患者入组,也报告了关于放疗加雄激素剥夺治疗联合多西他赛-雌莫司汀的早期效果。据该临床试验报告,加用化疗改善了无复发生存率,但需要更长时间的随访来评估对总生存率和无转移生存率的影响。[118]Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Jul;16(7):787-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028518?tool=bestpractice.com
5α 还原酶抑制剂
一项 III 期随机临床实验显示,在接受积极监测的低危前列腺癌患者中,与安慰剂组相比,活检证实度他雄胺组患者前列腺癌进展率有所降低。因此该药或可作为进行积极监测患者的一种有效的辅助治疗。[187]Fleshner NE, Lucia MS, Egerdie B, et al. Dutasteride in localised prostate cancer management: the REDEEM randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1103-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277570?tool=bestpractice.com
大分割放疗
有证据表明,前列腺癌对每天更高剂量放疗的反应较好(即>2Gy)。单臂研究表明,这一方案是安全的,另一项研究证实了大分割的优势;然而标准治疗组所使用的剂量远远低于认为的标准治疗剂量。其他一些临床研究的标准治疗组使用稍高剂量,结果显示两种方法效果相当。由于治疗次数少,大分割放疗的优势在于患者所需要的治疗时间更少。超大分割放疗(即在 4-5 个治疗分期内进行放疗)的研究正在进行中。[188]Yeoh EE, Botten RJ, Butters J, et al. Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma: final results of phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 1;81(5):1271-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934277?tool=bestpractice.com