治疗可包括观察、积极监测(也成为期待疗法)、去势治疗 (ADT)、外放疗 (EBRT)、短距离放射治疗、根治性前列腺切除术、或联合这些治疗中的 2 种或多种。
治疗决策取决于如下因素:
诊断时患者的风险分组(即,极低风险、低风险、中等风险、高风险或极高风险)。推荐使用美国国家综合癌症网络 (NCCN) 风险指南和美国泌尿外科学会/美国放射肿瘤学会/泌尿肿瘤学会指南。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp[71]Sanda MG, Chen RC, Crispino T, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline. 2017 [internet publication].http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/clinically-localized-prostate-cancer-new-(aua/astro/suo-guideline-2017)
基于患者年龄和共病的预期生存期(通常为是否超过 10 年)。国际老年肿瘤学会 (International Society of Geriatric Oncology) 建议,应对 70 岁以上男性进行筛查,筛查项目包括:潜在的可逆性共病、可能会限制预期寿命从而影响治疗建议的疾病以及是否存在痴呆。该学会建议使用 G8 和 Mini-COG(简易智力状态评估量表)作为筛查工具对健康状况进行评估;且应在做出最终治疗建议前,对异常结果进行进一步的评估。[72]Droz JP, Albrand G, Gillessen S, et al. Management of prostate cancer in elderly patients: recommendations of a Task Force of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology. Eur Urol. 2017 Oct;72(4):521-31.http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(17)30001-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089304?tool=bestpractice.com
列线表可以提供较好的疾病相关的个体化风险评估,从而帮助制定有关治疗的决定。目前可用的预测工具中,列线表具有最高的准确度,而且可以最好地区分前列腺癌患者的不同预后。[73]Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Suardi N, et al. Comparison of nomograms with other methods for predicting outcomes in prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4400-7.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/14/4400.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628454?tool=bestpractice.com
观察和积极监测
观察涉及对疾病过程进行监控,以便在出现症状时、或者临床检查结果有所改变或前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA) 水平(即,>100 μg/L [>100 ng/mL])有所改变从而可能提示将要出现临床症状时提供姑息治疗。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
积极监测包括在临床上出现症状和体征前额外使用前列腺活检对患者进行监测,以期当出现疾病进展时使用根治性疗法(例如,放疗、根治性前列腺切除术或 ADT)进行治疗。
对于这两种方法,PSA 和直肠指检的检查频率不能分别超过每 6 个月和每 12 个月一次,除非出现临床指征。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp对于积极监测,重复前列腺活检的频率不能超过每 12 个月一次,除非出现临床指征。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp当 PSA 升高且系统性前列腺活检结果为阴性时,若怀疑前列腺前侧和/或侵袭性癌症,可考虑进行多参数磁共振成像。
去势治疗 (ADT)
ADT 可通过手术去势(切除双侧睾丸)实现,或应用促黄体激素释放激素 (LHRH) 激动剂或拮抗剂实现,伴或不伴抗雄激素治疗。[74]Denis L. Role of maximal androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer. Prostate Suppl. 1994;5:17-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172710?tool=bestpractice.com
在开始对转移性前列腺癌患者进行 LHRH 激动剂治疗之前的几天和治疗开始后的 1 周内,应进行非甾体类抗雄激素治疗(例如,比卡鲁胺),以避免由睾酮水平突然升高引起的症状。对于没有转移性前列腺癌的患者,关于在 LHRH 激动剂之前是否需要使用非甾体类抗雄激素还未有正式的研究,故其临床使用也存在差异。可预防性应用他莫昔芬来减小比卡鲁胺引起的乳腺症状,而且根据 PSA 抑制情况来看,对疾病的控制并无影响。[75]Fradet Y, Egerdie B, Andersen M, et al. Tamoxifen as prophylaxis for prevention of gynaecomastia and breast pain associated with bicalutamide 150 mg monotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Eur Urol. 2007 Jul;52(1):106-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270340?tool=bestpractice.com
LHRH 拮抗剂(例如,地加瑞克)可拮抗垂体中的 LHRH 受体,引起循环中 LH 的显著减少,从而降低睾酮的合成。[76]Klotz L, Boccon-Gibod L, Shore ND, et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2008 Dec;102(11):1531-8.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08183.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035858?tool=bestpractice.com
外放疗 (EBRT)
EBRT 可将放射剂量精准地集中至癌症组织中。通常是每天实施放疗(例如,周一至周五),并持续 7 至 8 周。但是,数据显示,大剂量低分割放疗(hypofractionation,即,在更短的 4 至 6 周的疗程内每日使用更大的剂量 [>2-4 Gy],但总剂量更低 [56-72 Gy]),可能与传统放疗方案的疗效相同。[77]Pollack A, Walker G, Horwitz EM, et al. Randomized trial of hypofractionated external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 1;31(31):3860-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805927/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101042?tool=bestpractice.com 大剂量低分割 EBRT 治疗可缩短疗程,但可能会增加低风险患者晚期胃肠和/或泌尿生殖系的副作用。[78]Lee WR, Dignam JJ, Amin MB, et al. Randomized phase III noninferiority study comparing two radiotherapy fractionation schedules in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jul 10;34(20):2325-32.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4981980/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27044935?tool=bestpractice.com
调强放疗 (intensity-modulated radiotherapy) 和图像引导放疗 (image-guided radiotherapy) 是目前使用率较高的新型 EBRT,因其可实现更精确的适形放疗,以使对周围正常组织(膀胱,直肠以及小肠)的损伤最小,从而可能降低对这些器官结构的毒性作用。
近距离敷贴放射治疗
短距离放射治疗(低剂量率或高剂量率)可根据风险作为单一治疗给予,或者联合 EBRT 和 ADT 进行治疗。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp[79]Chin J, Rumble RB, Kollmeier M, et al. Brachytherapy for patients with prostate cancer: American Society Of Clinical Oncology/Cancer Care Ontario joint guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2017 May 20;35(15):1737-43.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0466http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346805?tool=bestpractice.com
低剂量率短距离放射治疗包括无切口经会阴将放射源永久性植入前列腺中。最高辐射剂量仅作用于前列腺及其邻近组织器官很小的范围中。辐射强度随时间推移而减低,且取决于所使用同位素的半衰期。
高剂量率短距离放射治疗包括经会阴放置治疗导管,通过它将一个独立的放射源由机器装置暂时安置在不同的位置,以达到治疗前列腺癌的适形放疗剂量。治疗结束时移除导管,并多次重复治疗,从而达到前列腺癌的治愈性放疗剂量。
根治性前列腺切除术
当肿瘤局限于前列腺时,可选择根治性前列腺切除术(取决于患者意愿及是否适合进行手术);是否进行淋巴结清扫术取决于列线图的预测结果。一般通过前列腺包膜连接处的尿道切断实现前列腺的完整切除。除了前列腺与前列腺包膜,精囊、壶腹以及输精管也应一并切除。在 2 种经典的手术方式(耻骨后和经会阴)中,许多泌尿外科大夫选择耻骨后途径,因为这种方法便于清扫盆腔淋巴结。
腹腔镜前列腺根治切除术和机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌切除术是较新的手术方法,需在腹部开 4 个小切口将前列腺完整切除,理论上来说较耻骨后或经会阴途径更容易保留神经。[80]Ficarra V, Novara G, Rosen RC, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):405-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749852?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Ficarra V, Novara G, Ahlering TE, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting potency rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):418-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749850?tool=bestpractice.com一项 Cochrane 评价发现,腹腔镜和机器人辅助前列腺根治切除术与开放性前列腺根治切除术相比,前者可使住院时间缩短并减少输血,但对于肿瘤结局的改善(例如,复发或生存期)还未得出结论。[82]Ilic D, Evans SM, Allan CA, et al. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 12;(9):CD009625.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009625.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895658?tool=bestpractice.com 不同术式的并发症似乎相似。
长期数据显示,对于患有临床局限性前列腺癌的男性,根治性前列腺切除术后疾病进展的发生率要低于积极监测[83]Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al; ProtecT Study Group. 10-Year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 13;375(15):1415-24.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1606220#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626136?tool=bestpractice.com 或观察。[84]Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-42.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1615869http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700844?tool=bestpractice.com 根治性前列腺切除术与观察相比,并未明显降低全因或前列腺癌特异性死亡。[84]Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-42.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1615869http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700844?tool=bestpractice.com根治性前列腺切除术发生不良事件的频率要高于观察。[84]Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-42.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1615869http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700844?tool=bestpractice.com
接受根治性前列腺切除术的患者若发现手术标本切缘阳性(无阳性淋巴结),可给予辅助性治疗伴 EBRT[85]Bolla M, van Poppel H, Colette L, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19;366(9485):572-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099293?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2012 Dec 8;380(9858):2018-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084481?tool=bestpractice.com 或观察性疗法。若发现有阳性淋巴结(无论手术切缘的情况如何),则可给予辅助性治疗伴 ADT[87]Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J, et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jun;7(6):472-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750497?tool=bestpractice.com 或观察性治疗。
极低危前列腺癌
极低危前列腺癌应满足以下所有条件:[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
对于极低危且预期寿命小于 10 年的患者,治疗选择一般为观察性治疗。若预期寿命在 10 至 20 年,治疗选择为积极检测。预期寿命为 20 年或更长的患者可选择的治疗包括:[88]Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy ≥72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697417?tool=bestpractice.com[89]D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9749478?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Alicikus ZA, Yamada Y, Zhang Z, et al. Ten-year outcomes of high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Apr 1;117(7):1429-37.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.25467/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21425143?tool=bestpractice.com
对于极低危且预期寿命为 20 年或更长的患者,治疗的主要目标是治愈。
低危前列腺癌
低危前列腺癌要满足以下所有标准:
对于低危且预期寿命少于 10 年的患者,治疗选择为观察性治疗。若预期寿命为 10 年或更长,则治疗选择可包括:[88]Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy ≥72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697417?tool=bestpractice.com[89]D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9749478?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Alicikus ZA, Yamada Y, Zhang Z, et al. Ten-year outcomes of high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Apr 1;117(7):1429-37.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.25467/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21425143?tool=bestpractice.com
对于低危且预期寿命为 10 年或更长的患者,治疗的主要目标是治愈。
预后相对较好和预后相对较差的中危疾病
对于预后相对较好的中危疾病,患者除穿刺活检阳性率 <50% 外,还应有下列的其中一项:
对于预后相对较好的中危患者,其治疗选择大体与低危患者相同,[88]Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy ≥72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697417?tool=bestpractice.com[89]D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9749478?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Alicikus ZA, Yamada Y, Zhang Z, et al. Ten-year outcomes of high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Apr 1;117(7):1429-37.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.25467/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21425143?tool=bestpractice.com只不过 EBRT 或短距离放射治疗可用于预期寿命在 10 年之内的患者。这些患者的主要治疗目标为治愈。
对于预后相对较差的中危疾病,患者存在下列中的一项或多项:[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
若预后相对较差的中危疾病患者预期寿命少于 10 年,则其治疗选择可包括:
若预期寿命为 10 年或更长,则治疗选择可包括:
目前还没有管理中危患者的标准方法。很少有随机临床试验对比几种主要治疗的疗效。由于研究证据不足,较难评价局限性前列腺癌不同治疗方法之间的相对疗效和危害。[91]Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Rutks I, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Mar 18;148(6):435-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252677?tool=bestpractice.com若选择手术干预,患者对于术后性功能丧失或显著减退以及轻微尿失禁的担心,可能也会影响治疗方式的选择。放疗的不良反应也有比较明确的阐述。[92]Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Graham JD, et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Jun;8(6):475-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482880?tool=bestpractice.com
若选择进行 EBRT,则推荐常规分割放疗(即,每次剂量 1.8-2 Gy),因为对于中危患者,大剂量低分割放疗还未显示出与常规分割放疗相同的安全性和有效性。[93]Koontz BF, Bossi A, Cozzarini C, et al. A systematic review of hypofractionation for primary management of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015 Oct;68(4):683-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171903?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Aluwini S, Pos F, Schimmel E, et al. Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer (HYPRO): late toxicity results from a randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Apr;17(4):464-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26968359?tool=bestpractice.com
可在开始 EBRT 之前、EBRT 进行期间或完成后给予 ADT 治疗(例如,LHRT 激动剂或拮抗剂,或非甾体类抗雄激素)。[95]Roach M 3rd, DeSilvio M, Lawton C, et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413. J Clin Oncol. 2003 May 15;21(10):1904-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743142?tool=bestpractice.com[96]D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, et al. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Aug 18;292(7):821-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315996?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016 May 20;34(15):1748-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26976418?tool=bestpractice.com新辅助激素疗法与 EBRT 联合治疗具有显著的临床获益,且在前列腺切除术前给予新辅助激素疗法可改善病理结局,但根治性前列腺切除术前的新辅助激素疗法的临床价值很低。[98]Shelley MD, Kumar S, Wilt T, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of neo-adjuvant hormone therapy for localised and locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009 Feb;35(1):9-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926640?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,对于小体积中危前列腺癌患者,或具有内科共存病最好避免 ADT 的患者(例如,有心血管疾病病史或骨质疏松症),可单独应用大剂量 EBRT。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp 有证据表明长期 ADT 可能有所获益;但对于最佳持续时间仍有争议,且该方法也并非被普遍采用。[99]Pilepich MV, Caplan R, Byhardt RW, et al. Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: Report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85-31. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):1013-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060541?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Pilepich MV, Winter K, John MJ, et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Aug 1;50(5):1243-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483335?tool=bestpractice.com
对于准备接受放疗结合 ADT 治疗的患者,推荐对前列腺及前列腺周围组织进行大剂量放疗。[101]Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L, et al. Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):67-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765406?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Gaudin PB, et al. Dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):491-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635694?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Schultheiss TE, et al. Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):501-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635695?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M.D. Anderson phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Aug 1;53(5):1097-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12128107?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Zietman AL, DeSilvio ML, Slater JD, et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1233-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16160131?tool=bestpractice.com也应考虑对中危患者进行盆腔照射治疗。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
高风险或极高风险前列腺癌
对于高危疾病,患者应具有下列中的一项:
对于极高危疾病,患者应具有下列中的一项:
对于高危或极高危患者的治疗选择包括:
高危或极高危患者治疗的主要目标为治愈。
可在 EBRT 开始前、治疗期间或完成后给予ADT 结合 LHRH 激动剂治疗,疗程共 2 至 3 年。[106]Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 13;360(9327):103-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126818?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Hanks GE, Pajak TF, Porter, et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3972-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14581419?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2516-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516032?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 20;26(15):2497-504.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/15/2497.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413638?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar;16(3):320-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702876?tool=bestpractice.com但是,这些患者 ADT 的最佳持续时间仍有争议。[111]Fosså SD, Wiklund F, Klepp O, et al. Ten- and 15-yr prostate cancer-specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced or aggressive intermediate prostate cancer, randomized to lifelong endocrine treatment alone or combined with radiotherapy: final results of the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group-7. Eur Urol. 2016 Oct;70(4):684-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27025586?tool=bestpractice.com 在高危患者中,延长 ADT 的使用时间可显著改善无病生存期。[108]Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2516-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516032?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Fosså SD, Wiklund F, Klepp O, et al. Ten- and 15-yr prostate cancer-specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced or aggressive intermediate prostate cancer, randomized to lifelong endocrine treatment alone or combined with radiotherapy: final results of the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group-7. Eur Urol. 2016 Oct;70(4):684-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27025586?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):327-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18707821?tool=bestpractice.com内分泌治疗联合放疗会显著增加治疗相关的症状(例如,排尿疼痛以及尿路和肠道刺激 ),但这些症状都不太严重。不过,考虑到联合治疗所带来的显著生存获益,这些增加的症状均在可接受的范围内,且与单独内分泌治疗方案相比,4 年后患者的生活质量并没有受到太大影响。[113]Fransson P, Lund JA, Damber JE, et al. Quality of life in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer given endocrine treatment with or without radiotherapy: 4-year follow-up of SPCG-7/SFUO-3, an open-label, randomised, phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Apr;10(4):370-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286422?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Widmark A, Klepp O, Solberg A, et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2009 Jan 24;373(9660):301-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091394?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Verhagen PC, Schröder FH, Collette L, et al. Does local treatment of the prostate in advanced and/or lymph node metastatic disease improve efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 2010 Aug;58(2):261-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627403?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Brundage M, Sydes MR, Parulekar WR, et al. Impact of radiotherapy when added to androgen-deprivation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term quality-of-life outcomes from the NCIC CTG PR3/MRC PR07 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2151-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477787/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26014295?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Mason MD, Parulekar WR, Sydes MR, et al. Final report of the intergroup randomized study of combined androgen-deprivation therapy plus radiotherapy versus androgen-deprivation therapy alone in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2143-50.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/33/19/2143.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25691677?tool=bestpractice.com在放疗联合 ADT 治疗的基础上增加基于多西他赛的化疗,可能会对无复发生存期有所改善,但并未显示出对总生存期的改善。[118]Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Jul;16(7):787-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028518?tool=bestpractice.com
对于准备接受放疗结合 ADT 治疗的患者,推荐对前列腺及前列腺周围组织进行大剂量放疗。[101]Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L, et al. Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):67-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765406?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Gaudin PB, et al. Dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):491-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635694?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Schultheiss TE, et al. Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):501-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635695?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M.D. Anderson phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Aug 1;53(5):1097-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12128107?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Zietman AL, DeSilvio ML, Slater JD, et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1233-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16160131?tool=bestpractice.com也可考虑对高危或极高危患者进行盆腔照射治疗。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
对于预期寿命在 10 年以内的局部晚期前列腺癌患者,单独应用 ADT 也可作为一种潜在的治疗选择。另外,对于因内科共病而不适合进行手术或根治性放疗的患者,也可单独进行 ADT 治疗。这些共病可能包括炎症性肠病或者既往盆腔放疗史。可以考虑采用间歇性而非连续性 ADT 治疗,但是关于这种方法对改善生活质量是否有积极作用,尚有争议。[119]Crook JM, O'Callaghan CJ, Duncan G, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression for rising PSA level after radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 6;367(10):895-903.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521033/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931259?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Henselmans I, Smets EM, Van Laarhoven HW. Decision making about treatment for advanced cancer: influencing wisely? JAMA Oncol. 2015 Nov;1(8):1169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562421?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Schulman C, Cornel E, Matveev V, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy in patients with relapsing or locally advanced prostate cancer: a phase 3b randomised study (ICELAND). Eur Urol. 2016 Apr;69(4):720-7.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030228381500977Xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520703?tool=bestpractice.com
转移性疾病
转移性疾病治疗的主要目标为在延长生存期的同时维持生活质量,并减轻可能由转移灶带来的症状。
激素敏感性转移性疾病:
在激素敏感性的转移性疾病患者中,多西他赛联合 ADT 治疗已展现出对生存期获益的显著提升,且对于生活质量并无长期负面影响,应考虑对身体状况能够承受的患者使用此疗法。[122]Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 20;373(8):737-46.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562797/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26244877?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Vale CL, Burdett S, Rydzewska LH, et al. Addition of docetaxel or bisphosphonates to standard of care in men with localised or metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analyses of aggregate data. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Feb;17(2):243-56.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737894/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718929?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Tucci M, Bertaglia V, Vignani F, et al. Addition of docetaxel to androgen deprivation therapy for patients with hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016 Apr;69(4):563-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422676?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Kyriakopoulos CE, Chen YH, Carducci MA, et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: long-term survival analysis of the randomized phase III E3805 CHAARTED trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 10;36(11):1080-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29384722?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Morgans AK, Chen YH, Sweeney CJ, et al. Quality of life during treatment with chemohormonal therapy: analysis of E3805 chemohormonal androgen ablation randomized trial in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 10;36(11):1088-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522362?tool=bestpractice.com
CHAARTED 试验结果显示,无论是否使用多西他赛,7 个月时 PSA ≤0.2 μg/L (≤0.2 ng/mL) 可能预示着使用 ADT 可致总生存期延长。[127]Harshman LC, Chen YH, Liu G, et al. Seven-month prostate-specific antigen is prognostic in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation with or without docetaxel. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 1;36(4):376-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805480/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29261442?tool=bestpractice.com
在新诊断激素敏感性转移性疾病患者的 ADT 治疗基础上增加第二代抗雄激素药物(例如,阿比特龙)这一疗法与单独 ADT 治疗相比,已展现出对生存期和生活质量的改善(尤其是长期来看)。[126]Morgans AK, Chen YH, Sweeney CJ, et al. Quality of life during treatment with chemohormonal therapy: analysis of E3805 chemohormonal androgen ablation randomized trial in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 10;36(11):1088-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522362?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):352-60.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1704174http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28578607?tool=bestpractice.com[129]James ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, et al. Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):338-51.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533216/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28578639?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Chi KN, Protheroe A, Rodríguez-Antolín A, et al. Patient-reported outcomes following abiraterone acetate plus prednisone added to androgen deprivation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic castration-naive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): an international, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Feb;19(2):194-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29326030?tool=bestpractice.com这些新型药物与多西他赛相比毒性可能更小,并且正在迅速成为这些患者的标准疗法。
对于不适合多西他赛或第二代抗雄激素药物(例如,阿比特龙)治疗的患者,应给予单独 ADT 治疗(非甾体类抗雄激素联合 LHRH 激动剂或拮抗剂),此疗法可连续或间歇性治疗。[131]Conti PD, Atallah AN, Arruda H, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen suppression for prostatic cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005009.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005009.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943832?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Abrahamsson PA. Potential benefits of intermittent androgen suppression therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2010 Jan;57(1):49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683858?tool=bestpractice.com
当未联合多西他赛而使用 LHRH 激动剂或拮抗剂进行治疗时,已证明加入第一代双磷酸盐(例如,依替膦酸盐、氯膦酸盐)可改善转移性前列腺癌患者的总生存期。[133]Dearnaley DP, Mason MD, Parmar MK, et al. Adjuvant therapy with oral sodium clodronate in locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer: long-term overall survival results from the MRC PR04 and PR05 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Sep;10(9):872-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674936?tool=bestpractice.com
姑息性剂量的放疗可用于疼痛的骨转移灶。根据正常组织毒性和患者便利与否,放疗可以包括单次治疗或者 1 或 2 周的延长疗程。如果既往盆腔未接受过放疗,也可以对盆腔进行姑息剂量的放疗,以减轻梗阻症状和缓解出血。
去势抵抗性前列腺癌
对于无症状性(或症状极轻微)患者,若在疗程早期未使用激素疗法(例如,阿比特龙、恩杂鲁胺 [enzalutamide]、酮康唑)或基于多西他赛的治疗方案,则可尝试使用此法进行治疗。[134]Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fizazi K, et al; COU-AA-302 Investigators. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Feb;16(2):152-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601341?tool=bestpractice.com 酮康唑可能导致重度肝损伤和肾上腺功能不全。2013 年 7 月,欧洲药品管理局人类药品委员会 (European Medicines Agency’s Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use) 不建议使用口服酮康唑治疗真菌感染,因为治疗获益不再大于其带来的风险。所以,一些国家可能已限制或不再使用口服酮康唑。此建议并不适用于其他指征。[135]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for oral ketoconazole. July 2013 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2013/07/news_detail_001855.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1伴有肝脏疾病的患者禁用酮康唑。如果使用酮康唑,应在治疗前与治疗期间监测肝功能和肾上腺功能。
基于多西他赛的治疗方案目前仍是症状性患者的标准疗法。[136]Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1513-20.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa041318http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470214?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1502-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470213?tool=bestpractice.com不适用于基于多西他赛方案的患者(例如,存在多西他赛禁忌证的患者或之前已接受过多西他赛治疗的患者)可使用米托蒽醌、阿比特龙或恩杂鲁胺进行治疗。[138]Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 27;367(13):1187-97.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1207506http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894553?tool=bestpractice.com 有数据显示,去势抵抗性转移性疾病的患者可受益于在化疗前使用恩杂鲁胺。[139]Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, et al; PREVAIL Investigators. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 31;371(5):424-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881730?tool=bestpractice.com 如何有序地使用这些新药仍然存在争议。正在进行的 Alliance 试验正在研究阿比特龙联合恩杂鲁胺的效果,以期达到最大的生存获益。[140]ClinicalTrials.gov. Enzalutamide with or without abiraterone acetate and prednisone in treating patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. April 2018 [internet publication].http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01949337
对化疗无治疗反应的患者可使用阿比特龙、米托蒽醌或卡巴他赛 [cabazitaxel] 进行治疗。[6]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp
推荐将 Sipuleucel-T 用于治疗无症状或者有轻度症状的转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌且美国东部肿瘤协作组 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG) 体力状态评分为 0-1(可以走动,可以从事轻体力或者办公室工作)的患者。对于存在内脏病变且预期寿命小于 6 个月的患者,[141]Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 29;363(5):411-22.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1001294http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818862?tool=bestpractice.com 或肝转移患者,不推荐进行 Sipuleucel-T 治疗。
全身放疗(例如,使用可发射 β 粒子的锶和钐)可用于无内脏转移的症状性骨转移患者。在这种情况下,全身放疗可降低后续对转移灶行局部照射的需要。全身放疗药物经静脉给药,且可与其他全身性疗法联合应用,尤其是 ADT。全身放疗的主要副作用是骨髓毒性,尤其是血小板减少症,故治疗过程中必须监测血常规。正因为如此,β 粒子发射药物通常应避免用于接受化疗的患者。镭-223 是一种钙类似物,可沉积于骨组织,并通过发射 α 粒子将辐射直接作用于骨转移灶。其在预防骨相关事件以及延长患者总生存期方面疗效显著。[142]Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, et al. Updated analysis of the phase III, double-blind, randomized, multinational study of radium-223 chloride in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with bone metastases (ALSYMPCA). J Clin Oncol. 2012 June 20;30(suppl; abstr LBA4512). 然而,其副作用包括贫血、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少症、骨痛以及胃肠道副作用。当与阿比特龙和泼尼松龙联合使用时,有报道称骨折和死亡风险也会增加。[143]European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of prostate cancer medicine Xofigo. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Xofigo/human_referral_prac_000071.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f[144]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Xofigo (radium-223-dichloride): new restrictions on use due to increased risk of fracture and trend for increased mortality seen in clinical trial. September 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/xofigo-radium-223-dichloride-new-restrictions-on-use-due-to-increased-risk-of-fracture-and-trend-for-increased-mortality-seen-in-clinical-trial欧洲药品管理局对镭-223 的使用施加了以下新的限制:对于已接受两种用于治疗转移性前列腺癌疗法的患者、或无法接受其他治疗的患者,应限制使用;不应与阿比特龙和泼尼松龙联合应用(禁忌应用这一联合用药);不应与其他全身性癌症疗法联合应用(激素疗法除外);不应将其用于无症状性患者或成骨细胞骨转移瘤数目较少的患者。[143]European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of prostate cancer medicine Xofigo. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Xofigo/human_referral_prac_000071.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f[144]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Xofigo (radium-223-dichloride): new restrictions on use due to increased risk of fracture and trend for increased mortality seen in clinical trial. September 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/xofigo-radium-223-dichloride-new-restrictions-on-use-due-to-increased-risk-of-fracture-and-trend-for-increased-mortality-seen-in-clinical-trial在开始镭-223 治疗之前、治疗期间和治疗完成后,应仔细评估骨折风险。在开始或重新开始使用镭-223 治疗前,应考虑使用双膦酸盐或地诺单抗,以增加骨强度。[143]European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of prostate cancer medicine Xofigo. July 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Xofigo/human_referral_prac_000071.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f[144]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Xofigo (radium-223-dichloride): new restrictions on use due to increased risk of fracture and trend for increased mortality seen in clinical trial. September 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/xofigo-radium-223-dichloride-new-restrictions-on-use-due-to-increased-risk-of-fracture-and-trend-for-increased-mortality-seen-in-clinical-trial
预防骨相关事件:
一项 Cochrane 评价对存在骨转移的前列腺癌患者使用双磷酸盐进行了评估,得出的结论显示,这些药物可能会降低骨相关事件和疾病进展的发生率,但可能会增加肾损伤和恶心的风险。[145]Macherey S, Monsef I, Jahn F, et al. Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 26;(12):CD006250.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006250.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29278410?tool=bestpractice.com
地诺单抗 (denosumab) 是一种全人源单克隆抗体,可抑制 RANK 配体,是骨骼靶向药物,对于预防具有骨转移的晚期癌症患者发生骨相关事件方面,要优于唑来膦酸。包括美国在内的某些国家/地区推荐地诺单抗为一线用药。[146]Lipton A, Fizazi K, Stopeck AT, et al. Superiority of denosumab to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events: a combined analysis of 3 pivotal, randomised, phase 3 trials. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Nov;48(16):3082-92.http://www.ejcancer.com/article/S0959-8049(12)00617-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975218?tool=bestpractice.com
在关于四项 3 期临床试验的汇总分析的多个报告发表后,位于英国的药品和医疗产品监管署 (MHRA) 在 2018 年 7 月发布了关于地诺单抗 (denosumab) 的药品安全警告,这些报告表明,当地诺单抗用于预防具有骨相关晚期恶性肿瘤的成人的骨相关事件时,与唑来膦酸相比,其新发原发性恶性肿瘤风险有所增加(1 年的累计发病率分别为 1.1% 和 0.6%)。[147]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Denosumab (Xgeva) for advanced malignancies involving bone: study data show new primary malignancies reported more frequently compared to zoledronate. 22 June 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/denosumab-xgeva-for-advanced-malignancies-involving-bone-study-data-show-new-primary-malignancies-reported-more-frequently-compared-to-zoledronate 还未发现由治疗所致某种癌症或某组癌症的特定模式。
口服或静脉应用双磷酸盐可作为地诺单抗的替代选择。第一代口服双磷酸盐(例如,依替膦酸、氯膦酸)可改善转移性前列腺癌患者的总生存期。[133]Dearnaley DP, Mason MD, Parmar MK, et al. Adjuvant therapy with oral sodium clodronate in locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer: long-term overall survival results from the MRC PR04 and PR05 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Sep;10(9):872-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674936?tool=bestpractice.com 建议将静脉注射双磷酸盐(如,唑来膦酸)用于去势抵抗性转移性疾病的患者中,以减少骨相关事件和增加骨质密度。[141]Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 29;363(5):411-22.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1001294http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818862?tool=bestpractice.com
托瑞米芬是一种选择性雌激素受体调节剂,可作为地诺单抗和双磷酸盐的替代选择。一些随机临床试验显示,托瑞米芬可显著降低接受 ADT 治疗的前列腺癌患者新发椎体骨折的发生率。[148]Smith MR, Morton RA, Barnette KG, et al. Toremifene to reduce fracture risk in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1 suppl):S45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23234631?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Smith MR, Malkowicz SB, Brawer MK, et al. Toremifene decreases vertebral fractures in men younger than 80 years receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011 Dec;186(6):2239-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671875/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014807?tool=bestpractice.com在一项临床试验中,托瑞米芬还显著改善了骨密度、骨转换生化标志物和血脂水平。[148]Smith MR, Morton RA, Barnette KG, et al. Toremifene to reduce fracture risk in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1 suppl):S45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23234631?tool=bestpractice.com
挽救疗法
在非转移性局限性晚期疾病患者中,挽救性疗法的主要目标是治愈。
根治性前列腺切除术后的主要治疗选择:
根治性前列腺切除术后的主要治疗选择是挽救性外放疗。[150]Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2011 Dec 7;306(21):2359-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147380?tool=bestpractice.com[151]King CR. The timing of salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Sep 1;84(1):104-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795730?tool=bestpractice.com
根治性前列腺切除术后 PSA 复发并没有普遍接受的定义,常用的标准在 0.2~0.4 μg/L (0.2~0.4ng/mL) 之间。但是,已证明早期使用外放疗进行挽救性疗法可有更佳的结局。对前列腺切除术后切缘阳性或者 T3 期的患者,即刻进行辅助外放疗可改善无进展生存期、无转移生存期和总生存期。[85]Bolla M, van Poppel H, Colette L, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19;366(9485):572-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099293?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2009 Mar;181(3):956-62.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510761/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167731?tool=bestpractice.com
外照射后 PSA 复发的定义有两种:1)美国放射肿瘤学会 (ASTRO) 的定义是,PSA 在达治疗后最低点之后连续 3 次升高,时间点为 PSA 最低点与首次 PSA 升高的中点;2)Phoenix 定义是,PSA 最低点后上升 2 μg/L。[153]Roach M 3rd, Hanks G, Thames H Jr, et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):965-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16798415?tool=bestpractice.com
初始外放疗后的挽救性治疗选择较多,包括挽救性短距离放射治疗、[154]Beyer DC. Permanent brachytherapy as salvage treatment for recurrent prostate cancer. Urology. 1999 Nov;54(5):880-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10565751?tool=bestpractice.com 挽救性冷冻疗法、高强度聚焦超声或激素剥夺。[155]Kimura M, Mouraviev V, Tsivian M, et al. Current salvage methods for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of primary radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2010 Jan;105(2):191-201.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08715.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19583717?tool=bestpractice.com 挽救性近距离放疗可以治疗局部复发性疾病。传统上,挽救性前列腺切除术[156]Tefilli MV, Gheiler EL, Tiquert R, et al. Salvage surgery or salvage radiotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer. Urology. 1998 Aug;52(2):224-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9697786?tool=bestpractice.com 和挽救性冷冻疗法[157]Pisters LL, Dinney CP, Pettaway CA, et al. A feasibility study of cryotherapy followed by radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol. 1999 Feb;161(2):509-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915437?tool=bestpractice.com 由于存在治疗相关毒性而导致使用受限。
挽救性治疗失败后,或者初始治疗失败后无其他挽救性治疗选择时,首选治疗方式是内分泌治疗 (hormonal ablation)。在这种情况下,何时开始内分泌治疗尚存在争议。一项随机临床试验表明,在生化治疗失败的情况下,与延迟进行雄激素阻断治疗相比,立即进行雄激素阻断治疗能获得生存优势。[158]Duchesne GM, Woo HH, Bassett JK, et al. Timing of androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer with a rising PSA (TROG 03.06 and VCOG PR 01-03 [TOAD]): a randomised, multicentre, non-blinded, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):727-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155740?tool=bestpractice.com在决定激素剥夺治疗的最佳开始时间时,应将治疗的潜在副作用与例如疾病进展率(可通过 PSA 倍增时间评估)和其他共病等因素进行权衡。治疗方案的最终选择要与患者的泌尿外科医生、肿瘤内科医生以及放疗肿瘤医生讨论后决定。一项随机临床试验表明,对于生化复发的去势治疗,与延迟给予该治疗相比,立即给予治疗可改善生存状况。[158]Duchesne GM, Woo HH, Bassett JK, et al. Timing of androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer with a rising PSA (TROG 03.06 and VCOG PR 01-03 [TOAD]): a randomised, multicentre, non-blinded, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):727-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155740?tool=bestpractice.com
男性留置导尿管的动画演示