治疗的目的取决于患者表现出来的临床状况。对于早期黑素瘤的患者,治疗目的是切除原发性肿瘤并防止局部和远端复发。对于远端转移性疾病的患者,目标是延长生存期和改善生活质量。[81]Garbe C, Peris K, Hauschild A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline - update 2016. Eur J Cancer. 2016;63:201-217.http://www.eado.org/medias/Content/Files/2016-Garbe-EurGuidlineMelanoma-EJC.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27367293?tool=bestpractice.com
外科手术治疗原发病灶
一旦原发性皮肤黑素瘤诊断确立,治疗原则是适当地广泛切除。相比临床上和病理上清楚的肿瘤,具有较大Breslow厚度(从颗粒细胞层到真皮或皮下组织层内肿瘤的最深部位之间的浸润深度,以毫米为单位)的黑素瘤浸润更宽,也更深。此外,恶性黑素细胞可向远离肿瘤团块的方向扩展,致使肿瘤组织学边界看似清楚实则不清。因此,建议手术切除边缘应随Breslow厚度增加而增加。[82]Lens MB, Nathan P, Bataille V. Excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma: updated pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg. 2007;142:885-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17875844?tool=bestpractice.com比当前推荐边缘更宽的切除与较好的临床转归并不相关。[82]Lens MB, Nathan P, Bataille V. Excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma: updated pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg. 2007;142:885-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17875844?tool=bestpractice.com适当边缘的切除,并将组织制成永久石蜡切片经由有经验的皮肤病理专家分析,是本病的一线治疗方案。
手术切除深度是有争议的。 [
]In people with primary cutaneous melanoma, how do surgical excision margins affect outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.251/full显示答案 尽管一般推荐切除至筋膜层,但目前尚无随机临床试验比较切除至筋膜层和皮下组织层的差异。[36]Kanzler MH, Mraz-Gernhard S. Primary cutaneous malignant melanoma and its precursor lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic overview. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:260-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464189?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐活检后6~8周内进行明确的手术治疗(广泛切除);然而,尚无证据表明从活检到局部切除的时间会影响预后。[83]McKenna DB, Lee RJ, Prescott RJ, et al. The time from diagnostic excision biopsy to wide local excision for primary cutaneous malignant melanoma may not affect patient survival. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:48-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12100184?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Carpenter S, Pockaj B, Dueck A, et al. Factors influencing time between biopsy and definitive surgery for malignant melanoma: do they impact clinical outcome? Am J Surg. 2008;196:834-842.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095097?tool=bestpractice.com
根据推荐的手术范围切除解剖学上敏感部位的病灶后可致毁容,故手术时应尽可能地靠近推荐边缘。组织保留手术,例如莫氏(Mohs)显微外科手术,是有争议的。尽管该手术可治疗恶性雀斑样痣黑素瘤(其通常发生在长时间日光照射、化妆品敏感及头颈部位的皮肤)有吸引力,但是一些研究数据表明该手术方式比标准边缘及过程的手术方式拥有更高的复发率。[85]Walling HW, Scupham RK, Bean AK, et al. Staged excision versus Mohs micrographic surgery for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:659-664.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17870430?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Hazan C, Dusza SW, Delgado R, et al. Staged excision for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: a retrospective analysis of 117 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:142-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029055?tool=bestpractice.comMohs手术中冰冻切片中的非典型黑素细胞比石蜡切片更难解释。使用免疫标记物如黑素细胞抗原相关T细胞-1(MART-1)、S-100及人类黑素瘤(HMB-45可提高冰冻切片的灵敏度。[87]Bricca GM, Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Immunostaining melanoma frozen sections: the 1-hour protocol. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:403-408.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15008870?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Wiltz KL, Qureshi H, Patterson JW, et al. Immunostaining for MART-1 in the interpretation of problematic intra-epidermal pigmented lesions. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34:601-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640229?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Kimyai-Asadi A, Ayala GB, Goldberg LH, et al. The 20-minute rapid MART-1 immunostain for malignant melanoma frozen sections. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34:498-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248466?tool=bestpractice.com
原位黑素瘤(0期)
原位黑素瘤(局限于表皮内)手术切除边缘为0.5cm,无辅助治疗。[90]Higgins HW 2nd, Lee KC, Galan A, et al. Melanoma in situ: Part II. Histopathology, treatment, and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73:193-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26183968?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究发现,0.5cm 的手术边缘对某些原位黑素瘤(高达50%)、尤其是恶性雀斑样痣是不足的。[91]McKenna JK, Florell SR, Goldman GD, et al. Lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma: current state of diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:493-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681656?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Agarwal-Antal N, Bowen GM, Gerwels JW. Histologic evaluation of lentigo maligna with permanent sections: implications regarding current guidelines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:743-748.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399768?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Erickson C, Miller SJ. Treatment options in melanoma in situ: topical and radiation therapy, excision and Mohs surgery. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:482-491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534080?tool=bestpractice.com在这种情况下,切除选项包括:
a)切除边缘为1cm[94]Zitelli JA, Brown C, Hanusa BH. Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:236-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9270510?tool=bestpractice.com
b)认真评估边缘进行分阶段切除。分阶段切除皮肤黑素瘤是一个多步骤的过程,其中临床易见的肿瘤最先被切除。需精确明确所切组织的位置。切除的组织经永久石蜡切片处理、过夜后经由皮肤病理专家分析。包扎伤口,患者需在组织学检查结果明确后返回。若结果显示边缘清楚,创面即可修复。若残余肿瘤仍然存在,通过绘制组织图,完成对患者残余肿瘤的精确定位,且需要进行第二次切除。此过程一直重复至肿瘤边缘清楚时为止。该分阶段切除手术需要与皮肤病理专家有良好的沟通,并且需进行不止一次的手术,但却具有可对组织边缘进行完整分析及尽可能降低复发率以保护组织的优点。
对于以下情况的患者:不适宜手术治疗、拒绝手术或不能接受手术切除后所致的毁容,可选择下列治疗方式中的一种:放疗,[95]Fuhrmann D, Lippold A, Borrosch F, et al. Should adjuvant radiotherapy be recommended following resection of regional lymph node metastases of malignant melanomas? Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:66-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167684?tool=bestpractice.com冷冻、刮除术、电灼术、或外用免疫调节疗法(咪喹莫特)。鉴于这些治疗方式无法进行组织学分析,其不当治疗和迁延性疾病发生的危险更高。
无淋巴结受累或转移证据的薄黑素瘤(Breslow厚度<1mm)
推荐边缘为1cm的广泛手术切除。[96]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: melanoma. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 10 November 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site尽管区域蔓延的可能性不大,临床上扪及肿大淋巴结时,应及时对淋巴结行适当的组织学检查。目前数据尚不支持对此类原发性黑素瘤进行常规的前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)。对于Breslow厚度在0.75~1mm之间的黑素瘤,如果存在病理性不良特征时可考虑行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)。
中间厚度的黑素瘤(Breslow厚度为1~4mm),且无证据表明有淋巴结受累或转移
围绕中等厚度肿瘤手术切缘的问题仍有许多争议。美国皮肤科学会建议1~2mm和2~4mm厚的黑素瘤的手术边缘分别为1cm和2cm。[97]American Academy of Dermatology. Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma: surgical management. 2011. Available at www.aad.org (last accessed 5 December 2016).https://www.aad.org/practice-tools/quality-care/clinical-guidelines/melanoma美国国家综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南建议厚度为1.01~2mm的黑素瘤手术切缘为1~2cm;厚度为2.01~4mm的手术切缘为2cm。[96]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: melanoma. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 10 November 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
1~4mm厚的黑素瘤建议行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)。多中心选择性淋巴结切除术试验 (MLST)-Ⅰ的亚组分析显示,SLNB 可提高 1.2 mm 至 3.5 mm 厚度的黑素瘤患者的 10 年远期无病生存率。[71]Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al. Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:599-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24521106?tool=bestpractice.com前哨淋巴结的状态是预测生存期最重要且独立的预后因素。[98]Cascinelli N, Bombardieri E, Bufalino R, et al. Sentinel and nonsentinel node status in stage IB and II melanoma patients: two-step prognostic indicators of survival. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4464-4471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983115?tool=bestpractice.com
厚黑素瘤(Breslow厚度>4mm),且无淋巴结受累或转移的证据
目前尚无关于这类黑素瘤的手术切缘的临床试验。在Breslow厚度>4mm的进展期黑素瘤手术切缘的问题上亦未达成共识。但是许多专家仍建议对此类黑素瘤的手术切缘为2~3cm。[99]Salopek TG, Slade JM, Marghoob AA, et al. Management of cutaneous malignant melanoma by dermatologists of the American Academy of Dermatology. II. Definitive surgery for malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:451-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7657869?tool=bestpractice.com国家综合癌症网络 (NCCN) 指南建议,对于厚度超过 4 mm 的肿瘤,手术切缘为 2 cm。[96]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: melanoma. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 10 November 2016).https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site如果未检测到淋巴结或远端器官中存在转移性黑素瘤,则没有证据支持进行选择性淋巴结清扫术或辅助治疗。[100]Savage P. Malignant melanoma (non-metastatic). BMJ Clinical Evid. 2007. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ (last accessed 11 November 2016).http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/pdf/clinical-evidence/en-gb/systematic-review-archive/2007-06-1705.pdf
区域淋巴结的外科治疗:对临床阴性的局部淋巴结行前哨淋巴结活检术
前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)是基于原发肿瘤将引流到第一个特定的淋巴结:发生转移的肿瘤细胞必经的第一批淋巴结。可能有多个引流淋巴结和前哨淋巴结,它取决于个体的淋巴引流模式。
前哨淋巴结活检应在黑素瘤广泛切除时进行。临床上具有局灶黑素瘤的患者行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的适应征包括:Breslow厚度≥1.0mm、或介于0.75mm~1.0mm之间并伴有溃疡;垂直方向上广泛退化≥1.0mm;年轻患者;或高速有丝分裂。[64]Johnson TM, Bradford CR, Gruber SB, et al. Staging workup, sentinel node biopsy, and follow-up tests for melanoma: update or current concepts. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:107-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732667?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Warycha MA, Zakrzewski J, Ni Q, et al. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19117354?tool=bestpractice.com
前哨淋巴结的状态是预测生存期最重要且独立的预后因素。[66]Chakera AH, Hesse B, Burak Z, et al. EANM-EORTC general recommendations for sentinel node diagnostics in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:1713-1742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714329?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Valsecchi ME, Silbermins D, de Rosa N, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1479-1487.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383281?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Gershenwald JE, Colome MI, Lee JE, et al. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2253-2260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9626228?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Thompson JF, Uren RF. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy for melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2001;1:446-452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113111?tool=bestpractice.com行SLNB的原因包括确定疾病的分期及预后、早期行淋巴结清扫术、识别相似患者人群参加临床试验、以及考虑是否进行辅助治疗。[70]McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2851-2855.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387357?tool=bestpractice.com
多中心选择性淋巴结切除术试验 (MSLT)-Ⅰ的亚组分析显示,SLNB 可提高 1.2 mm 至 3.5 mm 厚度的黑素瘤患者的 10 年远期无病生存率。[71]Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al. Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:599-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24521106?tool=bestpractice.com
头颈区域的前哨淋巴结活检有技术上的要求,且与身体其他部位相比,识别率较低且假阴性率较高。[72]Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, van den Brekel MW, et al. Dilemma of clinically node-negative head and neck melanoma: outcome of "watch and wait" policy, elective lymph node dissection, and sentinel node biopsy - a systematic review. Head Neck. 2008;30:380-389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18213724?tool=bestpractice.com[73]de Rosa N, Lyman GH, Silbermins D, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for head and neck melanoma: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:375-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540313?tool=bestpractice.com两项头颈部黑素瘤治疗策略的系统评价发现,对于临床淋巴结阴性的中等厚度头颈部黑素瘤的患者,SLNB在总生存率方面没有明确的优势;但是,前哨淋巴结的状态仍有很高的预后预测价值。[72]Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, van den Brekel MW, et al. Dilemma of clinically node-negative head and neck melanoma: outcome of "watch and wait" policy, elective lymph node dissection, and sentinel node biopsy - a systematic review. Head Neck. 2008;30:380-389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18213724?tool=bestpractice.com[73]de Rosa N, Lyman GH, Silbermins D, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for head and neck melanoma: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:375-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540313?tool=bestpractice.com
对于具有中度风险黑素瘤(Breslow厚度为1.0~3.99mm)的患者,前哨淋巴结活检术优先于PET扫描,因为前者具有较小的远处(超过局部淋巴结)转移风险。[63]El-Maraghi RH, Kielar AZ. PET vs sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging melanoma: a patient intervention, comparison, outcome analysis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008;5:924-931.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657789?tool=bestpractice.com
区域淋巴结的外科治疗:治疗性淋巴结清扫术(TLND)
因为大约有20%的患者发生黑素瘤的淋巴结转移,故对于具有阳性前哨淋巴结的患者而言,推荐行治疗性淋巴结清扫术(TLND,去除区域淋巴结引流区内所有的淋巴结)。[101]Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al; MSLT Group. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1307-1317.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa060992#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005948?tool=bestpractice.com然而,MSLT-II将具有阳性前哨淋巴结的患者随机分为观察组和TLND组,结果与上述建议不尽相同。
在临床未扪及的淋巴结池内选择性淋巴结切除对生存并无益。[102]Lens MB, Dawes M, Goodacre T, et al. Elective lymph node dissection in patients with melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg. 2002;137:458-461.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/212362http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11926952?tool=bestpractice.com
若患者的淋巴结临床上可扪及或影像学可疑,都应行细针穿刺活检术(FNAB)来证实有无淋巴结转移。可能需要在超声引导下进行。若已证实淋巴结转移,患者应行TLND。若FNAB结果可疑或阴性,但临床仍怀疑有转移,淋巴结中心活检或连续开放式淋巴结活检可能是必要的。
TLND的位点
腋窝
必须包括腋窝的I~III级
可能需要切除或部分切除胸小肌。
腹股沟
可选择仅行腹股沟或髂腹股沟清扫术
累及腹股沟淋巴结的患者中有30%~40%可出现盆腔(髂)淋巴结的受累[103]Karakousis CP, Emrich LJ, Rao U. Groin dissection in malignant melanoma. Am J Surg. 1986;152:491-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3777327?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Badgwell B, Xing Y, Gershenwald JE, et al. Pelvic lymph node dissection is beneficial in subsets of patients with node-positive melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2867-2875.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671814?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Finck SJ, Giuliano AE, Mann BD, et al. Results of ilioinguinal dissection for stage II melanoma. Ann Surg. 1982;196:180-186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7092368?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sterne GD, Murray DS, Grimley RP. Ilioinguinal block dissection for malignant melanoma. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1057-1059.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7648153?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Essner R, Scheri R, Kavanagh M, et al. Surgical management of the groin lymph nodes in melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node dissection. Arch Surg. 2006;141:877-882.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983031?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Shen P, Conforti AM, Essner R, et al. Is the node of Cloquet the sentinel node for the iliac/obturator node group? Cancer J. 2000;6:93-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11069226?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Hughes TM, A'Hern RP, Thomas JM. Prognosis and surgical management of patients with palpable inguinal lymph node metastases from melanoma. Br J Surg. 2000;87:892-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10931025?tool=bestpractice.com
髂腹股沟清扫术的发生率似乎略有增加,但并不显著。[110]Karakousis CP, Driscoll DL. Positive deep nodes in the groin and survival in malignant melanoma. Am J Surg. 1996;171:421-422.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604834?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Balch CM, Ross MI. Melanoma patients with iliac nodal metastases can be cured. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6:230-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10340880?tool=bestpractice.com
如果腹股沟区域有一个以上淋巴结受累或 Cloquet 淋巴结受累,则应考虑行盆腔清扫术。若证实盆腔淋巴结已受累,则必须行髂腹股沟清扫术。
颈部
淋巴结转移的辅助治疗:系统性辅助治疗
伊匹单抗 (Ipilimumab)
在接受充分淋巴结切除术的 III 期皮肤黑素瘤患者中,与安慰剂相比,伊匹单抗可显著改善无复发生存率和总生存率。[112]Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob JJ, et al. Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:522-530.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25840693?tool=bestpractice.com虽然此治疗具有毒性(约 50% 的患者因毒性而停止治疗),但是该治疗是第一种在高风险早期黑素瘤治疗中明确显示出生存优势的检查点抑制剂(也是第一种全身性治疗)。该治疗在一些国家中获批使用,且很快就会获得广泛批准。绝大多数的肿瘤专家认为现在伊匹单抗具有导致干扰素冗余的作用。
干扰素
两项meta分析数据证实干扰素治疗可致短期无复发的生存,[113]Mocellin S, Lens MB, Pasquali S, et al. Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD008955.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008955.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775773?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Petrella T, Verma S, Spithoff K, et al. Adjuvant interferon therapy for patients at high risk for recurrent melanoma: an updated systematic review and practice guideline. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012;24:413-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245520?tool=bestpractice.com但只有一项研究报告了总生存率提高。[113]Mocellin S, Lens MB, Pasquali S, et al. Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD008955.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008955.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775773?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of the adjuvant treatment interferon alpha in people with stage II or III cutaneous melanoma?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.772/full显示答案 基于回顾性亚组分析,通常认为干扰素疗法可有效治疗有溃疡但无淋巴结转移的黑素瘤(IIC期)和有局部淋巴结微转移的黑素瘤(IIIA/B期);然而,对于淋巴结疾病负担较大的患者亦可考虑该疗法。毒性比较明显,包括类流感症状和抑郁。
在一项针对III期黑素瘤患者肿瘤切除后生存期的随机研究中,聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b可提高无复发生存期,但对改善总生存期的作用不大。[115]Eggermont AM, Suciu S, Santinami M, et al; EORTC Melanoma Group. Adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation alone in resected stage III melanoma: final results of EORTC 18991, a randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372:117-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620949?tool=bestpractice.com在3.8年的平均随访期内,应用干扰素治疗复发的风险比为0.82(95%CI 0.71-0.96;P=0.01)。亚组分析表明干扰素治疗对于显微镜下淋巴结转移及有溃疡的原发灶作用更大。[115]Eggermont AM, Suciu S, Santinami M, et al; EORTC Melanoma Group. Adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation alone in resected stage III melanoma: final results of EORTC 18991, a randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372:117-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620949?tool=bestpractice.com
如果潜在获益大于风险(包括明显的毒性),高风险淋巴结疾病患者(包括镜检/前哨淋巴结阳性患者)可以考虑辅助干扰素治疗。在世界的许多地区,干扰素不被视为标准治疗,这在当前大部分辅助性全身治疗试验(将安慰剂用作对照组)中有所体现。如果可行的话,可招募参加临床试验的患者。
淋巴结转移后的辅助治疗:辅助性放疗
一般不推荐放疗为淋巴结切除后的辅助治疗。尽管来自随机试验的数据显示,局部复发的风险可降低 50%,且几乎没有毒性,但对总生存率没有影响。[116]Berk LB. Radiation therapy as primary and adjuvant treatment for local and regional melanoma. Cancer Control. 2008;15:233-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596675?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Burmeister BH, Henderson MA, Ainslie J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation alone for patients at risk of lymph-node field relapse after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:589-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575589?tool=bestpractice.com因此,对特定淋巴结阳性患者,应进行有关放疗作用的讨论,但总体来说,条件允许时,首选辅助性全身治疗试验(通常不包括放射疗法)。
中途转移(III期)
中途转移,即III期(N2C)黑素瘤,是远离原发病灶但未到达局部淋巴结引流区的皮肤或皮下黑素瘤的成分。手术切除是首选的治疗方案。但是,当无法对肢体上正在出现的转移进行手术时,可选择局部治疗方法,例如透热性电灼疗法、放疗、肢体隔离热灌注化疗或肢体隔离输注和全身性治疗。[118]Gimbel MI, Delman KA, Zager JS, et al. Therapy for unresectable recurrent and in-transit extremity melanoma. Cancer Control. 2008;15:225-232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596674?tool=bestpractice.com用来化疗的肢体灌注/输注(血管内给药)仅限于单侧肢体,是将一个能阻止血液流动的止血带置于IV号导尿管上方来灌输化疗药物。二氧化碳激光烧灼可作为已发生皮肤转移和气管、支气管转移的广泛转移性黑素瘤的姑息性治疗方法。[119]Strobbe LJ, Nieweg OE, Kroon BB. Carbon dioxide laser for cutaneous melanoma metastases: indications and limitations. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1997;23:435-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9393574?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Andrews AH Jr, Caldarelli DD. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of metastatic melanoma of the trachea and bronchi. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1981;90:310-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6791552?tool=bestpractice.com
将试剂直接注射至中途转移的病灶内可产生局部烧灼的作用,偶尔也可产生系统性宿主反应,导致未注射药物的转移性病灶亦可减少。已使用多种药物,包括卡介苗 (BCG) 和更近期使用的细胞因子(白介素 2、干扰素α和干扰素β)、韦利莫根(一种血脂复合物,又被称为 Allovectin-7)、talimogene laherparepvec(T-VEC,一种溶瘤病毒)和玫瑰红染料 (PV-10)。[121]Abbott AM, Zager JS. Locoregional therapies in melanoma. Surg Clin North Am. 2014;94:1003-1015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25245964?tool=bestpractice.com将上述治疗方法与系统性治疗联用可能有帮助。
晚期黑素瘤(IIIC及IV期)
转移性黑素瘤预后较差,其中位生存期为诊断后6个月。[122]Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF. Cutaneous melanoma in the era of molecular profiling. Lancet. 2009;374:362-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19647595?tool=bestpractice.com一般情况下,只有当影像学检查证实仅单一远处器官转移时才可行手术切除。然而,具有较长无病间隔期的寡转移性疾病也可考虑手术切除。[123]Ollila DW. Complete metastasectomy in patients with stage IV metastatic
melanoma. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:919-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081917?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Kroon BB. Surgery for distant metastatic melanoma improves survival. Ann Surg
Oncol. 2012;19:2426-2427.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1245%2Fs10434-012-2399-y/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22588471?tool=bestpractice.com放射治疗适于有症状的孤立转移灶及脑部转移灶,可通过立体定位达到治疗目的。具有多发转移灶的患者一般选择全身系统性治疗。
截止到目前,全身性治疗对于黑素瘤仍是无效的。化疗作用不大,但若无其他治疗方法可选择时,单药达卡巴嗪治疗已经被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准上市,尽管反应率只有10%~15%,并且无疾病进展存活期也并未得到真正改善。[125]Middelton MR, Grob JJ, Aaaronson N, et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:158-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10623706?tool=bestpractice.com替莫唑胺,是一种口服的前体药物,与达卡巴嗪相比,可改善中枢神经系统渗透及提高无恶化生存期,但其反应率仍然较低,对长期生存期的作用尚未明确。[125]Middelton MR, Grob JJ, Aaaronson N, et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:158-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10623706?tool=bestpractice.com
细胞毒性药物联用比单独使用达卡巴嗪的反应率稍有增高,但却增加了毒副作用。另外,与单药应用比,增高的反应率并不能提高生存期。[126]Eggermont AM, Kirkwood JM. Re-evaluating the role of dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: what have we learned in 30 years? Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:1825-1836.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288283?tool=bestpractice.com与单独使用卡铂相比,索拉非尼、紫杉醇和卡铂联合使用并未改善总生存期,但卡铂的反应率(20%)比之前的达卡巴嗪高。[127]Flaherty KT, Lee SJ, Zhao F, et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:373-379.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2012.42.1529http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23248256?tool=bestpractice.com最近III期临床试验中显示,白蛋白纳米粒结合紫杉醇(nab-paclitaxel)表现出比达卡巴嗪稍高的反应率和无进展存活期;[128]Hersh E, Del Vecchio M, Brown M, et al. Phase 3, randomized, open-label, multicenter trial of nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) vs dacarbazine (DTIC) in previously untreated patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (MMM). Society of Melanoma Research Meeting. Los Angeles. 2012.然而,总生存期的相关数据尚不成熟,该治疗方式也并不是临床医生选择的标准化疗方案。
1998年白介素-2(IL-2)被美国FDA批准上市。在高度选择的患者人群进行多次试验后综合分析其反应率为16%(10%部分缓解和6%完全缓解),且缓解的患者中有44%生存超过5年。[129]Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP, et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2105-2116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561265?tool=bestpractice.com其毒性高,只在专门机构中心内提供。生物化疗(如IL-2和达卡巴嗪)能产生较高的反应率,但无益于生存期,且毒性更大。[130]Atkins MB, Hsu J, Lee S, et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5748-5754.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5448http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001327?tool=bestpractice.com
新型免疫疗法和靶向治疗现已在很大程度上取代了化疗和 IL-2,因此目前这些药物的作用有限。
免疫治疗
伊匹单抗是全人源性IgG1单克隆抗体,可阻断表达于抑制性T淋巴细胞上的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)。这种相互作用导致抑制性T细胞的活性降低及抗肿瘤免疫的发生。[131]O’Day SJ, Hamid O, Urba WJ, et al. Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): a novel strategy for the treatment of melanoma and other malignancies. Cancer. 2007;110:2614-2627.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.23086/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000991?tool=bestpractice.com伊匹单抗可改善已治疗过的转移性黑素瘤患者的总生存期(平均10个月,但与自然病程相比每年都有10%的增加)[132]Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:711-723.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1003466#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525992?tool=bestpractice.com在无症状脑转移的患者中临床疗效最好,而不需要使用糖皮质激素。[133]Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:459-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456429?tool=bestpractice.com毒副作用较为常见,且与免疫相关,包括皮炎、结肠炎、肝炎和内分泌功能障碍性疾病(如垂体功能减退),所以及时识别和处理毒副作用是很有必要的。伊匹单抗与达卡巴嗪联合使用导致毒性增加,且无额外疗效;因此此时应仅给予伊匹单抗。[134]Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2517-2526.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104621#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639810?tool=bestpractice.com
程序性死亡分子-1 (PD-1) 和程序性死亡分子配体-1 (PD-L1) 的抗体可阻止肿瘤细胞上表达的 PD-L1 与 T 细胞上抑制性 PD-1 受体的相互作用,从而促进抗肿瘤免疫力。有多个试验表明,两个抗 PD-1 的单克隆抗体(派姆单抗和尼鲁单抗)应用于易普利姆玛之前和之后均有活性,且在一线使用时优于易普利姆玛。[135]Weber JS, D'Angelo SP, Minor D, et al. Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:375-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25795410?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2521-2532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25891173?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Robert C, Ribas A, Wolchok JD, et al. Anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 treatment with pembrolizumab in ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma: a randomised dose-comparison cohort of a phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1109-1117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034862?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:320-330.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412082#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399552?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:23-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027431?tool=bestpractice.com在几个国家,这些药物现在是标准治疗,通常用于易普利姆玛失败后,但在诸如澳大利亚等国家,它们可以在易普利姆玛之前给药。反应率大约为 40%(尽管 70% 的患者有一定程度的肿瘤消退),且生存率持久。其毒性也是免疫介导的,但比使用易普利姆玛发生频率更低或更轻。抗 PD-1 抗体更具特异性的毒性包括甲状腺炎、肺炎、肾炎和白癜风。肿瘤表达PD-L1可能是一项疗效重要的生物标志物;然而,PD-L1阴性的患者仍有反应产生。易普利姆玛和尼鲁单抗联用已在Ⅲ期试验中显示疗效优于易普利姆玛单药治疗,且疗效可能优于尼鲁单抗(但是,试验不足以证明这一点)。[139]Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:23-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027431?tool=bestpractice.com通过联合治疗,反应率大约为 50%,但是毒性更明显,超过 50% 的患者经历了免疫相关的 3 到 4 级毒性。早期数据表明,从联合治疗中的获益优于尼鲁单抗单药治疗的患者,其肿瘤没有表达 PD-L1。现在这种联合治疗获准在多个国家使用。[140]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab for treating advanced melanoma. July 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 10 November 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta400其他联合使用 CTLA-4 抗体和抗 PD-1/PD-L1 抗体的试验正在进行中。
针对BRAF突变黑素瘤的靶向治疗
两种BRAF抑制剂,维罗非尼和达拉非尼,已被证实对V600 BRAF突变的黑素瘤有疗效,反应率大约为50%,起效迅速,与达拉巴嗪相比,可提高生存期(平均无进展生存期为6.9个月,平均总生存期为13-18个月)。[75]Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2507-2516.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1103782#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639808?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV, et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380:358-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735384?tool=bestpractice.com两种药物在脑部转移的患者中均有活性。[142]Long GV, Trefzer U, Davies MA, et al. Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1087-1095.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051966?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Kefford RF, Maio M, Arance A, et al. Vemurafenib in metastatic melanoma patients with brain metastases: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2, multicenter study. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2013;26:965.每种药物的疗效都很相似,但它们的副作用却各不相同。维罗非尼易致光敏性和肝炎的发生,达拉非尼却很少发生;达拉非尼引起的发热比维罗非尼更常见、严重。维罗非尼和达拉菲尼均可导致皮肤鳞状细胞癌 (SCC)、疲劳和关节痛;但是,通常药物毒性耐受性好,有时需要减少剂量,但极少需要永久停止使用任一种药物。平均使用药物7个月后会出现平台期。在一项回顾性研究中显示,若此时换成伊匹单抗,作用不大,尤其是在患者病情迅速进展时。[144]Ackerman A, Klein O, McDermott DF, et al. Outcomes of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immunotherapy prior to or after BRAF inhibitors. Cancer. 2014;120:1695-1701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577748?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Ascierto PA, Simeone E, Giannarelli D, et al. Sequencing of BRAF inhibitors and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma: a possible algorithm for clinical use. J Transl Med. 2012;10:107.http://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-10-107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22640478?tool=bestpractice.com
曲美替尼,是一种MEK抑制剂,治疗BRAF突变的黑素瘤疗效较BRAF抑制剂差,且对已经使用过BRAF抑制剂的患者是无效的。[146]Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB, et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:809-819.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1002011#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818844?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Kim KB, Kefford R, Pavlick AC, et al. Phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma previously treated with or without a BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:482-489.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2012.43.5966http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23248257?tool=bestpractice.com曲美替尼单独治疗不能耐受BRAF抑制剂或无V600 BRAF突变(如L597或K601E)患者的效果正处于研究阶段。靶向治疗后疾病的发展是多样化的,以至于某些情况下孤立的转移性疾病可考虑使用局部治疗(放疗、手术),其他药物敏感的疾病仍可维持全身治疗。
BRAF 抑制剂和 MEK 抑制剂联合用药已显示出优于 BRAF 抑制剂单药治疗的效果,现在正考虑用作标准治疗。[148]Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, et al. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:30-39.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412690#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399551?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1877-1888.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1406037#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265492?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dréno B, et al. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1867-1876.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408868#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265494?tool=bestpractice.com这一组合可提高反应率和生存率,并减弱皮肤毒性。使用达拉菲尼加曲美替尼和维罗非尼加考比替尼的反应率大约为 70%;中位无进展生存期大约为 1 年,中位总生存期大约为 2 年。联合治疗可降低皮肤 SCC 和其他皮肤毒性。其他 BRAF 抑制剂和 MEK 抑制剂(例如,encorafenib 加 binimetinib)的联用继续在早期临床试验中进行测试,但是毫无疑问,BRAF 抑制剂和 MEK 抑制剂联合治疗现在已是 V600 BRAF 突变黑素瘤的标准治疗。
尽管黑素瘤的全身治疗不断在改进,但大多数患者仍不能获得持久的疗效。条件允许时,全身性治疗的临床试验是全身转移性疾病患者的标准治疗,无论其接受的是几线治疗。
放射治疗可用于控制局部症状及减少中枢神经系统(CNS)转移和骨转移的发生。[151]Seegenschmiedt MH, Keilholz L, Altendorf-Hofmann A, et al. Palliative radiotherapy for recurrent and metastatic malignant melanoma: prognostic factors for tumor response and long-term outcome: a 20-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:607-618.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348291?tool=bestpractice.com同伽玛刀和直线加速器放射治疗一样,立体定位放射治疗可有效控制脑转移。[152]Young RF. Radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. Semin Surg Oncol. 1998;14:70-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9407633?tool=bestpractice.com这些技术在提高生存率和减少肿瘤尺寸上似乎具有可比较的疗效,且其不良反应比全脑部照射小。[153]Koc M, McGregor J, Grecula J, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial metastatic melanoma: an analysis of survival and prognostic factors. J Neurooncol. 2005;71:307-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735922?tool=bestpractice.com
黑素瘤的分期
美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)黑素瘤分期系统是基于肿瘤、淋巴结、转移(TNM)的分类:[58]Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ, et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:6199-6206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917835?tool=bestpractice.com