目前尚无方法可以治愈 ALS,因此内科治疗的重点在于对轻中度患者进行症状管理,为严重或终末期患者提供姑息性干预。利鲁唑用于改变病程,应在诊断时为患者提供该药物。没有证据显示家族性与散发性 ALS 患者对治疗的反应存在差异。[21]Benatar M, Kurent J, Moore DH. Treatment for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD006153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160266?tool=bestpractice.com ALS 患者最好在具有多学科团队的诊所中接受治疗,这一团队中应具有呼吸科医生、理疗师、职业治疗师、营养学家、语言和吞咽顾问及社会工作者。 这一方法能够实现治疗和总生存期的最优化。[22]Lee CN. Reviewing evidences on the management of patients with motor neuron disease. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18:48-55.http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1202p48.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302912?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Van den Berg JP, Kalmijn S, Lindeman E, et al. Multidisciplinary ALS care improves quality of life in patients with ALS. Neurology. 2005;65:1264-1267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16247055?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Chio A, Bottacchi E, Buffa C, et al. Positive effects of tertiary centres for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on outcome and use of hospital facilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:948-950.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614011?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Borasio GD, Voltz R, Miller RG. Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2001;19:829-847.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854102?tool=bestpractice.com 鉴于潜在的慢性肺功能障碍,建议对 ALS 患者进行免疫接种,包括肺炎球菌接种和每年一次季节性流行性感冒接种。 告知患者相关诊断,对预后和终末期问题给予持续的辅导,特别要强调事前声明,这些都是医患关系极为重要的方面。[58]Munroe CA, Sirdofsky MD, Kuru T, et al. End-of-life decision making in 42 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Respir Care. 2007;52:996-999.http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/08.07/08.07.0996.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650354?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:360-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914052?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
所有患者在诊断之时起开始使用利鲁唑。[59]Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:360-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914052?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD001447.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419278?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Jia H, Xu YM. Evidence-based evaluation of therapeutic measures for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [in Chinese]. Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;12:275-281.http://www.cjcnn.org/index.php/cjcnn/article/view/333/0 利鲁唑可延长 ALS 患者的存活期,对延髓起病患者具有潜在优势。[60]Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD001447.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419278?tool=bestpractice.com存活期、功能状态改变速率和肌肉力量的改善:在一项 155 位 ALS 门诊患者的对照试验中,存在中等质量证据显示,利鲁唑与延髓起病患者 1 年期存活率 73% 有关联,相比之下使用安慰剂的患者 1 年期存活率为 35%;其与四肢起病患者 1 年期存活率 74% 有关联,相比之下使用安慰剂的患者 1 年期存活率为 64%。 还发现利鲁唑与减缓疾病进展有关,相比安慰剂显著降低 第 12 个月的肌肉力量退化。[63]Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V; ALS/Riluzole Study Group. A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:585-591.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199403033300901#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302340?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 利鲁唑能使生存期有10% 的总体获益,与许多癌症姑息性化疗方案标准相当。利鲁唑有显著的肝毒性,并可导致中性粒细胞减少(较罕见)。[64]Weber G, Bitterman H. Riluzole-induced neutropenia. Neurology. 2004;62:1648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15136708?tool=bestpractice.com 在最初的 3 个月应每月监测一次 LFT 和 FBC,此后每 3 个月监测一次。[60]Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD001447.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419278?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Sanofi-Aventis. Rilutek® (riluzole) tablets: prescribing information. November 2012. http://products.sanofi.ushttp://products.sanofi.us/rilutek/rilutek.pdf 恶心和嗜睡是利鲁唑可能的不良反应。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com
任何其他调节病情的治疗都被视为是实验性的。
症状管理
ALS 是一种累及运动系统的进行性疾病,因此,其症状主要与病变的位置和无力的程度有关。 每一患者的的治疗需求都不尽相同,而且会随着时间发生变化。[66]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intramuscular diaphragm stimulation for ventilator-dependent chronic respiratory failure caused by motor neurone disease. September 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg593
营养和呼吸支持是至关重要的,还要根据患者的情况给予具体干预。
延髓肌显著无力的患者可能需要针对多涎、沟通困难和分泌物进行治疗。
肢体无力的患者可能需要针对活动困难、痉挛状态进行治疗,或需要器械以维持其上肢功能。
可能需要治疗的精神状态改变包括抑郁和焦虑。
呼吸功能障碍治疗的一般性原则
轻中度呼吸功能障碍的患者可能完全没有症状,或者可能有夜间或运动相关的症状。建议每 3 个月监测一次用力肺活量 (forced vital capacity, FVC)。由于仰卧位 FVC 与夜间换气不足症状密切相关,可在进行直立位 FVC 监测的同时考虑仰卧位 FVC 监测。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com 最大鼻腔吸气力 (Maximal sniff nasal-inspiratory force, SNIF) 作为呼吸肌力量的替代测试,已被证实可有效监测呼吸功能。[67]Morgan RK, McNally S, Alexander M, et al. Use of Sniff nasal-inspiratory force to predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:269-274.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200403-314OC#.VBoKlfldU9Ihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15516537?tool=bestpractice.com 对于那些可能无法在口舌周围形成完整的封闭以获取用力肺活量 (FVC) 的延髓无力患者,这种方法可能特别有帮助。SNIF<40cm H₂O 与夜间缺氧有关,且与 FVC<50% 相比,此方法对预测 6 个月后死亡率有更高的敏感性。此外,夜间血氧定量法和/或睡眠研究可提供夜间缺氧相关的数据。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com
具有至少一种下列情况的有症状或无症状患者:FVC 值为预测值的 30% 至 50%,或 SNIF<40 cm H₂O,或夜间血氧测定法结果异常
适用无创正压通气 (NIPPV)。[22]Lee CN. Reviewing evidences on the management of patients with motor neuron disease. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18:48-55.http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1202p48.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302912?tool=bestpractice.com[68]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Motor neurone disease. July 2016 [internet publication]https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs126[59]Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:360-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914052?tool=bestpractice.com 当开具 NIPPV 时,通常需要调整压力设置以确保最大的舒适度,同样地,应按患者个体情况确定最合适的接口(呼吸机与患者之间的接触)。 抗焦虑药物(例如,劳拉西泮)可能有助于患者适应这种类型的治疗。 NIPPV 最初通常用于夜间,但随着症状进展可在每天使用多达 24 小时。 成功的 NIPPV 已被证实对于患者生活质量和存活期具有积极作用。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, et al. Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 6;10:CD004427.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004427.pub4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28982219?tool=bestpractice.com然而,这并不是有创通气的替代选择。[70]Aboussouan LS, Khan SU, Meeker DP, et al. Effect of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:450-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9313002?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Lo Coco D, Marchese S, Pesco MC, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in ALS: predictors of tolerance and survival. Neurology. 2006;67:761-765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899545?tool=bestpractice.com
缺氧和高碳酸血症伴 FVC<30% 预测值
对于考虑长期有创通气的患者,气管造口术和永久性正压通气可延长寿命。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF. Warning signs of imminent respiratory failure in neurological patients. Semin Neurol. 2003;23:97-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870111?tool=bestpractice.com[73]McKim DA, Road J, Avendano M, et al; Canadian Thoracic Society Home Mechanical Ventilation Committee. Home mechanical ventilation: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18:197-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205101/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059178?tool=bestpractice.com 考虑治疗之前应回访确立事前声明,并就有创通气患者所需的护理进行全面的讨论。 由于护理永久性机械通气的患者需要较高的技术水平,这通常需要在疗养院进行。 为看护者带来极大的压力也是导致在家中管理患者十分困难的另一项因素。 仅有不足 10% 的 ALS 患者考虑进行有创通气。 接受永久性通气后,患者存活的时间不定。 辅助通气可根据患者的要求随时停止,尽管这是一项十分困难的任务, 尤其是当患者出现认知损害或进展至闭锁状态而无法表达自己的意愿时。[74]Moss AH, Casey P, Stocking CB, et al. Home ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: outcomes, costs, and patient, family, and physician attitudes. Neurology. 1993;43:438-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8437718?tool=bestpractice.com
对于不考虑长期有创通气及进展至严重呼吸功能障碍的患者,主要进行姑息性治疗。 治疗的重点在于提供舒适的护理,特别是要减轻与缺氧有关的焦虑并减少粘稠的粘液分泌物。[57]Borasio GD, Voltz R, Miller RG. Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2001;19:829-847.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854102?tool=bestpractice.com 应该使用阿片制剂和/或苯二氮卓类药物来减轻缺氧导致的焦虑。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, et al. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(10):CD007354.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007354.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764523?tool=bestpractice.com
轻中度症状性吞咽困难伴体重轻度下降 (<10%)
第一步是饮食调节。 应由营养学家就营养充分的替代品提出建议。 饮食调节在一段时间内通常可有效地维持体重,此后应就其他选项进行讨论。
中度症状性吞咽困难伴体重显著下降 (>10%)
对于无法维持稳定体重的患者,应建议放置经皮内镜胃造瘘 (PEG) 管。 应将放置 PEG 管作为长期护理相关性决策的一部分予以讨论。 通过 PEG 管供给营养可稳定体重,总体上可为患者生存带来获益。[22]Lee CN. Reviewing evidences on the management of patients with motor neuron disease. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18:48-55.http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1202p48.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302912?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:360-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914052?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com 基于目前的数据,其对患者生活质量的影响尚不明确。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Katzberg, HD, Benatar M. Enteral tube feeding for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD004030.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004030.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249659?tool=bestpractice.com 即使患者尚未出现明显的吞咽困难,也应在其 FVC 降低至 50% 预测值之前考虑进行手术以降低与呼吸功能障碍相关的围手术期死亡风险。[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Chio A, Finnochiaro E, Meineri P, et al; ALS Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Study Group. Safety and factors related to survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in ALS. Neurology. 1999;53:1123-1125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10496278?tool=bestpractice.com 如果在出现症状前放置 PEG,应鼓励患者在可耐受的情况下维持经口进食,同时仅用生理盐水每日冲洗 PEG 管以保持通畅。即便是使用 PEG 管进食,也要防范误吸。
ProGas 研究就安全性和临床结局问题,评估了胃造瘘术的最佳时机和插入方法,发现就生存期和手术并发症而言,经皮内镜下胃造瘘术 (PEG)、放射性植入胃造瘘管 (radiologically inserted gastrostomy, RIG) 和经口成像引导下胃造瘘术 (per-oral image-guided gastrostomy, PIG) 同样安全,而 PIG 和 RIG 使得可以对有晚期呼吸衰竭的个体进行置管。有研究发现,RIG 管具有高阻塞率和泄漏率,并且在插入后数月内需要更换。结果还表明,在大幅减重 (>5%) 之前,早期实施胃造瘘术可能有益。[78]ProGas Study Group. Gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ProGas): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:702-709.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(15)00104-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027943?tool=bestpractice.com
构音障碍
大部分但并非所有的 ALS 患者都会经历由严重的构音困难进展至构音障碍的过程。 语言治疗并不是一种有效的干预,最为有效的干预应该寻找恰当的沟通策略以替代正常的语言交流。 这应该包括书写,以及使用不同的可由手部动作、面部动作、注视或患者任意可以实现的动作来激活的沟通装置。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com 因为患者的运动能力也会发生进行性恶化,所以对运动能力进行密切监测对维持有效的沟通能力也是必需的。
多涎
由于不能吞咽唾液,吞咽困难的患者常会出现流涎。 对症治疗通常包括抗胆碱能药,例如,氢溴酸天仙子胺、阿米替林、阿托品或格隆铵。 对于难治性多涎,可考虑 B 型肉毒毒素。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com 注射入腮腺和颌下腺可阻断唾液分泌,然后,每位患者的注射定位和对肉毒毒素的反应都不尽相同。 如果有效,通常需要每 3 个月进行一次重复注射。 最大获益通常可持续 4 周。[79]Stone CA, O'Leary N. Systematic review of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin or radiotherapy for sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37:246-258.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676117?tool=bestpractice.com 低剂量放疗可能也对药物难治性多涎患者有效。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com 它可减少唾液分泌最长达 6 个月[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Stone CA, O'Leary N. Systematic review of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin or radiotherapy for sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37:246-258.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676117?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Tysnes OB. Treatment of sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2008;188:77-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439227?tool=bestpractice.com
粘液分泌物困难
咳嗽次数和强度下降可能会使患者无法排出黏液分泌物。咳嗽辅助装置可能非常有用;[61]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1218-1226. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009;73:2134; Neurology. 2010;74:781.]http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1218.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822872?tool=bestpractice.com 羧甲司坦是一种黏液溶解剂,可以分解黏液,使其更容易清除。[81]McGeachan AJ, Mcdermott CJ. Management of oral secretions in neurological disease. Pract Neurol. 2017;17:96-103.http://pn.bmj.com/content/17/2/96.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188210?tool=bestpractice.com 有时,某些患者可能选择接受气管造口术,以实现更充分的气道吸痰,但这并不常见。
假性延髓情绪
有时存在显著延髓上运动神经元体征的患者也会出现假性延髓情绪,表现为过度或不恰当的大笑或哭泣。 通常对这些症状的病因予以解释并给予安慰即可使患者能够处理这些症状。 联合使用右美沙芬/奎宁可有效控制假性延髓情绪且耐受良好。[82]Pioro EP, Brooks BR, Cummings J, et al. Dextromethorphan plus ultra low-dose quinidine reduces pseudobulbar affect. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:693-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839238?tool=bestpractice.com 阿米替林可能也有帮助。
肌无力的物理治疗
目标是保持肌肉的弹性和关节活动度,以预防挛缩,并确定合适的支架等级及运动辅助装置 这些设备包括踝-足矫正器、颈圈(颈部无力)、拐杖、步行器和轮椅。 在这些设备中,有多种可供选用,但需要有经验的专家予以选择。
功能下降在该疾病中是不可避免的,因此须由理疗医生在整个病程中进行系列评估。 对于疾病早期患者,适度的个体化锻炼项目对疾病早期患者是安全的。[83]Lui AJ, Byl NN. A systematic review of the effect of moderate intensity exercise on function and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Physical Therapy. 2009;33:68-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556916?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Dal Bello-Haas V, Florence JM. Therapeutic exercise for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD005229.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005229.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728653?tool=bestpractice.com
肌无力的职业治疗
目标是评估患者需求以帮助其独立进行日常活动或在疾病晚期辅助患者的护理。 例如可以帮助患者转移至或离开轮椅(例如,床栏和 Hoyer 升降机)及适应环境(例如,坡道、淋浴椅、洗脸台、有动力装置的医院床、调节键盘、餐具)的装置。
随着疾病进展,需要由职业治疗师进行系列评估,以确定不同时间的患者需求。
全身瘫痪患者的治疗
治疗目标在于保持皮肤的完整和舒适。 电动床、充水充气床垫可减少压迫并改变皮肤接触部位,可预防压疮并有助于控制疼痛。[85]Newrick PG, Langton-Hewer R. Pain in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:838-840.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4031936?tool=bestpractice.com
肌痉挛和痉挛状态
肌痉挛通常是痉挛状态的一种反映,可通过锻炼和抗痉挛药物进行治疗。 这些药物主要包括力奥来素和替扎尼定,尽管有时苯二氮卓类药物也有帮助。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Chou R, Peterson K, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:140-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276195?tool=bestpractice.com
抑郁和失眠
应询问每位就诊患者是否存在抑郁症状。 有关 ALS 患者抑郁发生率的研究尚不充分,但其可能要高于一般人群,特别是在疾病晚期。[87]Rabkin JG, Albert SM, Del Bene ML, et al. Prevalence of depressive disorders and change over time in late-stage ALS. Neurology. 2005;65:62-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201558/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16009886?tool=bestpractice.com 使用治疗内源性抑郁的药物即可很好地控制 ALS 患者的抑郁。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com
认知和行为损害
患者可出现相关的认知和行为损害。 一些患者可达到额颞叶痴呆的 Neary 标准(额颞叶痴呆临床诊断的共识指南),[3]Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546-1554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9855500?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Neary D, Snowden J, Mann D. Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:771-780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239184?tool=bestpractice.com 可在运动神经元病症状之前出现或在病程晚期变得明显。 应考虑对ALS患者进行行为、认知和语言功能障碍的筛查。[22]Lee CN. Reviewing evidences on the management of patients with motor neuron disease. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18:48-55.http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm1202p48.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302912?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com
临终关怀
应在讨论有关临终和姑息治疗之前回访以确定事前声明。[54]Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009;73:1227-1233.http://www.neurology.org/content/73/15/1227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822873?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Borasio GD, Voltz R, Miller RG. Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2001;19:829-847.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854102?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Munroe CA, Sirdofsky MD, Kuru T, et al. End-of-life decision making in 42 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Respir Care. 2007;52:996-999.http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/08.07/08.07.0996.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650354?tool=bestpractice.com 应在临终关怀适用之前尽早与患者就事前声明和生命终末时的要求予以讨论。 此时的治疗团队应该包括姑息治疗领域的内科专家、社会工作顾问和临床关怀人员。 姑息治疗的目的在于使终末期患者感到舒适。