静脉用免疫球蛋白 (Intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG) 治疗
常规治疗无效的非 HBV(乙型肝炎病毒)相关性结节性多动脉炎 (PAN) 患者,有病例报道使用静脉注射免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)。[85]Asano Y, Ihn H, Maekawa T, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in polyarteritis nodosa: report on one case and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:396-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16234996?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Gonzàlez-Fernàndez MA, Garcia-Consuegra J. Polyarteritis nodosa resistant to conventional treatment in a pediatric patient. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:885-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17405822?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Kroiss M, Hohenleutner U, Gruss C, et al. Transient and partial effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in polyarteritis nodosa. Dermatology. 2001;203:188-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586025?tool=bestpractice.com 静脉注射免疫球蛋白 (IVIG) 亦可作为皮质类固醇助减药物用于不太严重的疾病。[88]Balbir-Gurman A, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Intravenous immunoglobulins in polyarteritis nodosa restricted to the limbs: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25(1 suppl 44):S28-S30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428360?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Gedalia A, Correa H, Kaiser M, et al. Case report: steroid sparing effect of intravenous gamma globulin in a child with necrotizing vasculitis. Am J Med Sci. 1995;309:226-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7900746?tool=bestpractice.com 有一项病例报道指出,一例皮质类固醇难治的 HBV 相关 PAN 患者对 IVIG 反应良好。[90]Boman S, Ballen JL, Seggev JS. Dramatic responses to intravenous immunoglobulin in vasculitis. J Intern Med. 1995;238:375-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7595175?tool=bestpractice.com
抗肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 疗法
TNF-α 拮抗剂是治疗难治性患者的潜在选择,其疗效有待进一步临床试验证明。 由于疾病相对少见限制了临床试验开展,且事实上对于 TNF 抑制剂控制疾病尚无明确依据。 英夫利昔单抗(TNF 的一种单克隆抗体)治疗血管炎的研究结果有效,[91]de Kort SW, van Rossum MA, ten Cate R. Infliximab in a child with therapy-resistant systemic vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:769-771.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267606?tool=bestpractice.com完全缓解或部分缓解:尽管有英夫利昔单抗治疗非 PAN 血管炎的临床试验,但在 PAN 中只有低级别的证据表明英夫利昔单抗与完全缓解或部分缓解有关。 在一项预试验研究中,英夫利昔单抗治疗 10 名肉芽肿病伴多血管炎 (Wegener's)、类风湿关节炎相关性血管炎和难治性冷球蛋白血症的患者,所有患者在 6 个月时达到完全缓解或部分缓解。 一项纳入 15 名原发性血管炎患者(采用英夫利昔单抗治疗,治疗持续中位时间为 34 个月)回顾性研究表明,11 名患者在 45 天时达到了缓解,5 名患者在 2 年时达到持续缓解。 一项英夫利昔单抗治疗活动性抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 (ANCA) 相关性血管炎的开放标签、前瞻性试验表明,88% 的患者达到临床缓解。 但是,20% 的初期缓解者随后又出现了复发,且严重感染率为 21%。[92]Bartolucci P, Ramanoelina J, Cohen P, et al. Efficacy of the anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab against refractory systemic vasculitides: an open pilot study on 10 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:1126-1132.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/10/1126http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364631?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Josselin L, Mahr A, Cohen P, et al. Infliximab efficacy and safety against refractory systemic necrotising vasculitides: long-term follow-up of 15 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1343-1346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445626?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Booth A, Harper L, Hammad T, et al. Prospective study of TNF alpha blockade with infliximab in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:717-721.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/3/717http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14978174?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但这些研究并未纳入任何 PAN 患者。然而,有病例研究显示难治性 PAN 患者对英夫利西单抗治疗有反应,表明英夫利西单抗是一种潜在的治疗选择。[95]Wu K, Throssell D. A new treatment for polyarteritis nodosa. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:1710-1712.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/6/1710http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421155?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管依那西普成功治疗了 1 例难治性 PAN 的儿童患者,[96]Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 27;352(4):351-61.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa041884#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673801?tool=bestpractice.com 但是基于肉芽肿病伴多血管炎 (韦格纳肉芽肿病) 的研究结果,不建议使用依那西普。[97]Feinstein J, Arroyo R. Successful treatment of childhood onset refractory polyarteritis nodosa with tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade. J Clin Rheumatol. 2005;11:219-222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357761?tool=bestpractice.com
B 细胞疗法
利妥昔单抗是针对人类 CD20-阳性 B 淋巴细胞的单克隆抗体。 RAVE 试验表明利妥昔单抗诱导缓解 ANCA 相关性血管炎的疗效不劣于每日口服环磷酰胺。[98]Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al; RAVE-ITN Research Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:221-232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137658/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647199?tool=bestpractice.com MAINRITSAN 试验表明定期小剂量利妥昔单抗治疗维持 ANCA 相关性血管炎缓解的疗效优于硫唑嘌呤。[99]Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Karras A, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1771-1780.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1404231#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372085?tool=bestpractice.com 尚无 PAN 相关的临床试验,但是对标准疗法无效的典型(非乙型肝炎病毒相关性) PAN 患者,有病例报道表明利妥昔单抗治疗是有效的。[100]Sonomoto K, Miyamura T, Watanabe H, et al. A case of polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated by rituximab. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2008;31:119-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446015?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Seri Y, Shoda H, Hanata N, et al. A case of refractory polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated with rituximab. Mod Rheumatol. 2015 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671401?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Ribeiro E, Cressend T, Duffau P, et al. Rituximab efficacy during a refractory polyarteritis nodosa flare. Case Rep Med. 2009;2009:738293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838226/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300599?tool=bestpractice.com 利妥昔单抗(尤其与皮质类固醇激素联合使用时)可在曾感染乙型肝炎病毒并痊愈(例如表面和核心抗体呈阳性)的人群中再次激活乙型肝炎病毒。有病例报告了暴发性肝功能衰竭,因此采用且利妥昔单抗治疗时需要同时预防性抗病毒治疗。利妥昔单抗不能应用于目前已感染乙型肝炎病毒的患者。[103]Pattullo V. Hepatitis B reactivation in the setting of chemotherapy and immunosuppression - prevention is better than cure. World J Hepatol. 2015;7:954-967.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419099/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25954478?tool=bestpractice.com
干扰素α
对标准疗法不敏感的轻度或中度 HBV 相关 PAN,有病例研究提及了 α 干扰素。[25]Erhardt A, Sagir A, Guillevin L, et al. Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa with a combination of prednisolone, alpha-interferon and lamivudine. J Hepatol. 2000;33:677-683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059878?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Wicki J, Olivieri J, Pizzolato G, et al. Successful treatment of polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus with a combination of lamivudine and interferon alpha. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999;38:183-185.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/2/183http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10342635?tool=bestpractice.com
大剂量皮质类固醇激素联合环磷酰胺治疗 HBV 相关 PAN
对于血管炎活动的危重 HBV 相关 PAN 患者,可考虑选择大剂量皮质类固醇激素联合环磷酰胺治疗一个疗程。 然而,该治疗可导致乙型肝炎病毒感染的潜在风险,因此应尽可能缩短此疗程,并同时预防性使用拉米夫定。[82]Guillevin L, Mahr A, Cohen P, et al. Short-term corticosteroids then lamivudine and plasma exchanges to treat hepatitis B virus-related polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:482-487.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/109062062/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188337?tool=bestpractice.com